La no aplicación efectiva de la pena de muerte al parricida por razones religiosas. Una reflexión histórica sobre la larga pervivencia del parricidio en el derecho penal como delito autónomo
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Abstract
Se toma como punto de partida la larga pervivencia del parricidio, como
delito autónomo, que permaneció en la legislación española hasta hace poco más de una década. Se pretende una
reflexión sobre la fuerza de las creencias y la religión en el Derecho. Se establece una relación entre ofensa a los dioses
y pecado en Derecho penal histórico, a partir de las últimas investigaciones en el Derecho Romano. Se analizan las
fuentes para encontrar el fundamento de la pena impuesta al parricida en un sistema jurídico basado en principios
patriarcales, en que el atentado al pater (único titular de plenos derechos, magistrado doméstico y representante de una
divinidad antes atribuida al rey) es particularmente grave. Se procede a la revisión de fuentes que sitúan al parricida
en el mismo plano que otros «sacrílegos» o «malditos», cuyo castigo no encaja en el tradicional sacrificium a los
dioses, ni tampoco en el cuadro tradicional de penas de muerte. Los comportamientos de estos hombres «malditos»
los convierten en una especie de «outlaw», de seres abandonados y carentes de protección jurídica, equiparables al
monstrum, sin figura humana ni personalidad jurídica. Se indaga en el origen consuetudinario de la poena cullei
y su supuesta supresión y posterior recuperación en la lex Pompeia de parrricidis de la época clásica. Se examina
la tradición posterior. Los autores paganos son reinterpretados en clave de pecado por parte de algunos autores
cristianos. A partir de la doctrina de la Iglesia, la pena impuesta al parricida pierde su fundamento originario, la
tipificación del delito se difumina, se incorpora un número indeterminado de parientes y se incrementa la aflictividad
de la pena.
The article takes as its starting point the long survival of parricide, as an autonomous crime, which remained in Spanish legislation until a little over a decade ago, and seeks to encourage reflection on the strength of beliefs and religion in law. A relationship is established between offence to the gods and sin in historical criminal law, based on the latest research in Roman Law. The sources are analyzed to find the basis for the punishment imposed on the patricide in a legal system based on patriarchal principles, in which the attack on the life of the pater (the only person entitled to full rights, the domestic judge and representative of a divinity formerly attributed to the king) is particularly serious. The article reviews sources that place the patricide on the same level as other «sacrilegious» or «cursed» individuals, whose punishment does not fit within the traditional sacrificium to the gods, nor within the traditional framework of death sentences. The behaviour of these «cursed» men turns them into a sort of «outlaw», abandoned beings with no legal protection, comparable to the monstrum, with no human figure or legal personality. The article inquires into the customary origin of the poena cullei and its alleged suppression of the lex Pompeia parrricidis of the classical period and examines the subsequent tradition. Pagan authors are reinterpreted in terms of sin by some Christian authors. Starting from Church doctrine, the penalty imposed on the patricide loses its original foundation, the definition of the crime is blurred, it incorporates an indeterminate number of relatives and the cruelty of the punishment is increased.
The article takes as its starting point the long survival of parricide, as an autonomous crime, which remained in Spanish legislation until a little over a decade ago, and seeks to encourage reflection on the strength of beliefs and religion in law. A relationship is established between offence to the gods and sin in historical criminal law, based on the latest research in Roman Law. The sources are analyzed to find the basis for the punishment imposed on the patricide in a legal system based on patriarchal principles, in which the attack on the life of the pater (the only person entitled to full rights, the domestic judge and representative of a divinity formerly attributed to the king) is particularly serious. The article reviews sources that place the patricide on the same level as other «sacrilegious» or «cursed» individuals, whose punishment does not fit within the traditional sacrificium to the gods, nor within the traditional framework of death sentences. The behaviour of these «cursed» men turns them into a sort of «outlaw», abandoned beings with no legal protection, comparable to the monstrum, with no human figure or legal personality. The article inquires into the customary origin of the poena cullei and its alleged suppression of the lex Pompeia parrricidis of the classical period and examines the subsequent tradition. Pagan authors are reinterpreted in terms of sin by some Christian authors. Starting from Church doctrine, the penalty imposed on the patricide loses its original foundation, the definition of the crime is blurred, it incorporates an indeterminate number of relatives and the cruelty of the punishment is increased.







