Los dos Africanos. Una reflexión crítica sobre la tradición
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Abstract
Roma mantuvo guerras intermitentes contra los cartagineses durante más de cuarenta años. Sin duda, fue la segunda de éstas la que marcó un antes y un después en la historia de la Ciudad. Con Anibal señoreando a lo largo de toda Italia durante catorce años, Roma vio como caían derrotados y muertos sus generales, y con ellos decenas de miles de soldados romanos e itálicos. Por primera vez – tras el asalto galo, ya muy lejano en el tiempo – la Ciudad sintió el miedo y el pánico de verse sobrepasada en su propio territorio y de vivir con el enemigo a sus puertas. Se nos describe un horror que nunca se llegó a manifestar ante Pirro, Filipo, Antíoco o Mitrídates. En consecuencia, la alegría, el júbilo y la veneración que la Ciudad sintió hacia sus liberadores fue proporcional a las tribulaciones pasadas. Estos fueron los dos Escipiones, que por sus victorias frente a Cartago merecieron el apodo de Africanos, y cuyas biografías la tradición construyó entre el mito de los héroes y los hechos constatados. En este trabajo, nosotros vamos a exponer los datos de esa tradición sobre ambos héroes, de forma crítica, para que el lector interesado saque sus propias consecuencias.
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Rome fought intermittently wars against the Carthaginians for more than forty years. It was undoubtedly that the second of these clashes marked a turning point in the history of the Urbs. With Hannibal ruling over all of Italy for fourteen years, Rome saw its generals defeated and killed, and with them tens of thousands of Roman and Italian soldiers. For the first time – after the Gallic assault, long ago – Rome felt the fear and panic of being overwhelmed on its own territory and of finding itself with the enemy at the gates of the Urbs. We are told of a horror that was never manifested with Pyrrhus, the macedon Philip, Antiochus or Mithridates. Consequently, the joy, jubilation and veneration that the City felt towards its liberators was proportional to the past tribulations. These were the two Scipios, who for their victories against Carthage deserved the nickname of Africans, and whose biographies tradition constructed between the myth of the heroes and the proven facts. In this paper, we will present the data of this tradition about both heroes, in a critical way, so that the interested reader can draw his or her own conclusions
Rome fought intermittently wars against the Carthaginians for more than forty years. It was undoubtedly that the second of these clashes marked a turning point in the history of the Urbs. With Hannibal ruling over all of Italy for fourteen years, Rome saw its generals defeated and killed, and with them tens of thousands of Roman and Italian soldiers. For the first time – after the Gallic assault, long ago – Rome felt the fear and panic of being overwhelmed on its own territory and of finding itself with the enemy at the gates of the Urbs. We are told of a horror that was never manifested with Pyrrhus, the macedon Philip, Antiochus or Mithridates. Consequently, the joy, jubilation and veneration that the City felt towards its liberators was proportional to the past tribulations. These were the two Scipios, who for their victories against Carthage deserved the nickname of Africans, and whose biographies tradition constructed between the myth of the heroes and the proven facts. In this paper, we will present the data of this tradition about both heroes, in a critical way, so that the interested reader can draw his or her own conclusions












