RT Journal Article
T1 Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
A1 Jovanovic, Mihailo
A1 Mateo Sanguino, Tomás Jesús
A1 Damjanovic, Milanko
A1 Dukanovic, Milena
A1 Thomopoulos, Nikolas
AB In recent years, there has been a remarkable development in the technology and legislationrelated to electric and autonomous vehicles (i.e., EVs/AVs). This technological advancement requiresthe deployment of the most up-to-date supporting infrastructure to achieve safe operation. Furtherinfrastructure is needed for Level 5 vehicles, namely the introduction of super-fast wireless 5Gtechnology. To achieve harmony between the rapid technological advancement of EVs/AVs andenvironmental preservation, enacting legislation related to their sustainable use is vital. Thus, thismanuscript provides a review of the technological development of EVs/AVs, with a special focus oncarbon footprints and the implementation of additive manufacturing using recycled materials. WhileEVs have a 12.13% increased carbon footprint compared to conventional vehicles, AVs with basic andadvanced intelligence features have an increased carbon footprint of 41.43% and 99.65%, respectively.This article emphasizes that the integration of 3D-printed components has the potential to offset thisimpact with a substantial 60% reduction. As a result, custom-made solutions involving 3D printingare explored, leading to greater speed, customization, and cost-effectiveness for EVs/AVs. This articlealso lists the advantages and disadvantages of the existing legislation in Spain, the United Kingdom,and the western Balkans, demonstrating various approaches to promoting electric mobility and thedevelopment of autonomous vehicles. In Spain, initiatives like the MOVES program incentivizeEV adoption, while the UK focuses on expanding the EV market and addressing concerns aboutEVs’ quiet operation. In the western Balkans, the adoption of legislation lags behind, with limitedincentives and infrastructure for EVs. To boost sales, legal mechanisms are necessary to reduce costsand improve accessibility, in addition to offering subsidies for the purchase of EVs. To this end, ananalysis of the incentive measures proposed for the development and use of renewable power sourcesfor the supply of energy for EVs/AVs is presented.
PB MDPI
SN 1424-8220 (electrónico)
YR 2023
FD 2023-11-10
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10272/22711
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10272/22711
LA eng
NO Jovanović, M., Mateo Sanguino, T. de J., Damjanović, M., Đukanović, M., & Thomopoulos, N. (2023). Driving Sustainability: Carbon Footprint, 3D Printing, and Legislation concerning Electric and Autonomous Vehicles. In Sensors (Vol. 23, Issue 22, p. 9104). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23229104
NO This research received no external funding. Background research for this article benefited from the support of WISE-ACT (Wider Impacts and Scenario Evaluation of Autonomous & Connected Transport) COST Action CA16222.
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Huelva
RD 31 may 2026