@article{10272/22433,
year = {2023},
month = {5},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10272/22433},
abstract = {Nearly 300 million t of phosphogypsum (PG) are produced every year as a byproduct from phosphate fertilizer
production worldwide. Approximately 58% of the PG are stacked, 28% are discharged in coastal waters and only
14% are further processed. This critical review provides an overview of the physical-chemical properties of PG
produced from sedimentary and magmatic phosphate ore worldwide using various analytical tools. Results from
more than 25 years of work on PG at ´Ecole des Mines de Saint-´Etienne are presented and critically discussed. In
total PG samples from 67 industrial storage sites around the world and PG samples synthesized under different
conditions in the laboratory have been considered. The low radioactivity present in PG (particularly PG produced
from sedimentary phosphate rock) was identified as the main challenge to using PG as a raw material in construction.
Water-soluble and volatile chemical compounds were identified as the main challenge to environmentally
sound PG management. Although PG does (in most cases) not pose an immediate threat to the
environment the authors recommend processing all PG instead of storing or disposing it, to eliminate potential
long-term risks and utilize a relevant secondary resource.},
organization = {French National Research Agency (ANR), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, Lafarge Division Plaster, OCP Group, Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA CR) [Grant Number: TH79020003] and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [Project Number: 033RU020A] support for this project is offered under
the coordination of the ERA-MIN3 action, which has received funding from the European Union under the Horizon 2020 Program [European Commission Grant Agreement No. 101003575]. Besides, this work also received support by: the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic (8J22AT005), the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education,
Science and Research (BMBWF) through Austria's Agency for Education  and Internationalization (OeAD) [Grant Number: Africa UniNet P006 and P058 as well as WTZ CZ 14/2022, HR 09/2022 and TW 01/2021], the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research funding under Bridge2ERA2021 [Grant No. 100579052] and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the project VALOREY [MINECO; RTI 2018-101276-J-I00]. C.R. Cánovas further thanks the
Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Postdoctoral Fellowship granted under application reference RYC2019-027949-I.},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {Phosphogypsum circular economy considerations: A critical review from more than 65 storage sites worldwide},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137561},
author = {Bilal, Essaid and Ruiz Cánovas, Carlos and Nieto Liñán, José Miguel and Haneklaus, Nils},
}