@article{10272/28292,
year = {2026},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10272/28292},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to (i) determine the levels of interleukins in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and (ii) evaluate their early dynamics, as well as (iii) assess their relationships with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This was a prospective analytical study of critically ill patients with COVID-19 who were monitored from admission to three days of stay in the ICU. Circulating levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Cytokine levels were analysed in relation to clinical severity parameters and 28-day mortality. Results: A dynamic cytokine response was observed during the first 72 h, with a significant increase in TNF-α levels and a decrease in IL-10 and IL-1β. Non-survivors showed higher TNF-α levels than survivors. In the multivariable analysis adjusted for clinical severity, TNF-α remained independently associated with 28-day mortality, whereas other cytokines did not retain statistical significance. The overall predictive performance of cytokines was moderate. Conclusions: Early cytokine dynamics reflect the evolving inflammatory response in critically ill COVID-19 patients. TNF-α emerges as an independent predictor of mortality, supporting its role as a relevant biomarker of adverse outcomes. Although its predictive capacity is moderate, TNF-α may provide clinically meaningful information for risk  stratification when integrated with established clinical and laboratory parameters.},
organization = {This publication was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) “a way of making Europe”, funded via the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades de la Junta de Andalucía (REF. A-CTS-708-UGR20), and by Project FIS PI10/1993 from the Spanish Carlos III Health Institute. L.H.-Q. (REF. FPU18/03702) and H.V.-L. (REF. FPU18/03655) were awarded a FPU fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education.},
publisher = {MDPI},
title = {Early Cytokine Profiles in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 and Their Association with Mortality},
doi = {10.3390/metabo16040256},
author = {Gamarra Morales, Yenifer and Molina López, Jorge and Machado Casas, Juan Francisco and Herrera Quintana, Lourdes and Vázquez Lorente, Héctor and Pérez Villares, José Miguel and Planells, Elena},
}