RT Journal Article
T1 PM10-bound elements in Luanda's urban atmosphere: Concentrations, sources, and their environmental and health impacts
A1 Alves, Célia
A1 Sánchez de la Campa Verdona, Ana María
A1 Cipoli, Yago Alonso
A1 Furst, Leonardo
A1 Higawa, Gustavo
A1 Leitão, Anabela
A1 Silva, Alan Victor da
A1 Feliciano, Manuel S.
AB An unprecedented study was carried out in the megacity of Luanda, Angola, involving daily sampling of particulate matter (PM10) from June to November 2023. The analysis was focused on the detection of 56 metal(loid)s and complemented by the application of several contamination and health risk indices. PM10 levels ranged from 23.6 to 108 μg/m3, averaging 59.3 μg/m3, exceeding WHO's 24-h guideline on 83% of days. In addition to crustal elements, the most abundant constituents were Zn (159 ng/m3), Ba (43.2 ng/m3), Pb (17.8 ng/m3), Cu (10.5 ng/m3), Sr (7.0 ng/m3), Ni (4.5 ng/m3), Sb (3.7 ng/m3) and Cr (3.5 ng/m3). Mineral dust, primarily from unpaved roads and local soils, accounted for 31 wt% of PM10, while sea salt contributed 6%. Geochemical markers (e.g., Ce-La-V relationships) suggest that vanadium  originates predominantly from upper crust weathering. Elemental ratios such as Fe/Cu, Cu/Sb, and Zn/Sb indicate significant contributions from traffic-related emissions (e.g., brake and tyre wear) and industrial sources. Sulphur, an important PM10 component, likely stems from fossil fuel combustion and petroleum refining. Luanda experiences severe air pollution, with high inputs from Sb, Cd, Zn, and other elements linked to traffic, industrial emissions, and biomass burning. The extremely high ecological risk (RI = 4360 ± 2440) highlights critical contamination, driven primarily by Cd and Sb, while the Nemerow risk index (1990 ± 1530) underscores urgent public health concerns. Non-cancer hazard indices (HI) exceeded safe thresholds for children (2.29) and adults (2.18), with Fe, Mn, Be, Pb, Ni, Co, and Sb identified as key contributors. Carcinogenic risks from PM10 inhalation (2.34 × 10−3 for children and 1.36 × 10−3 for adults) also exceeded acceptable levels, emphasising the need for targeted pollution mitigation strategies.
PB Elsevier
SN 0269-7491
SN 1873-6424 (electrónico)
YR 2025
FD 2025
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10272/28003
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10272/28003
LA eng
NO Alves, C. A., Sanchez de la Campa, A., Cipoli, Y., Furst, L., Higawa, G., Leitão, A., da Silva, A. V., & Feliciano, M. S. (2025). PM10-bound elements in Luanda’s urban atmosphere: Concentrations, sources, and their environmental and health impacts. Environmental Pollution, 372, 125995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125995
NO The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) is acknowledged for the PhD fellowships to L. Furst (SRFH/BD/08461/2020) and Y. Cipoli (SFRH/BD/04992/2021). The financial support to CESAM by FCT/MCTES (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB/50017/2020 + LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds, is also acknowledged. This work was developed within the project “Air Pollution in an African Megacity: Source Apportionment and Health Implications – APAM” (DOI: 10.54499/2022.04240.PTDC), financially supported by national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES.
DS Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Huelva
RD 31 may 2026