Burke, AndrewLyalkov, SerhiyMillán, AnaMillán Tapia, José MaríaStel, André van2021-05-102021-05-102019-06Burke, A., Lyalkov, S., Millán, A., Millán Tapia, J. M. & Stel, A. (2019). How do country R&D change the allocation of self-employment across different types? Small Business Economics, 56, 695–721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00196-z0921-898Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10272/19814We investigate the impact of country R&D on the allocation of self-employment across different types, where types are identified based on occupational status and start-up motive. We first conduct a literature review based on which we consider the self-employed with employees to be of higher ‘quality’ (in terms of their overall contribution to the economy) compared with independent own-account workers, who in turn may be considered of higher quality than dependent self-employed workers. Similarly, we also consider opportunity self-employed to be of higher quality than necessity self-employed. Our empirical analysis then shows that the level of a country’s R&D expenditures increases the share of self-employed with employees and that of opportunity self-employed (i.e. the self-employment types associated with higher quality) at the cost of the shares of dependent self-employed and necessity self-employed. Higher R&D expenditures at the country level thus increase the quality of self-employment in the country.engAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Españahttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/Types of entrepreneurshipSelf-employmentR&DEuropean Working Conditions Surveyjournal article10.1007/s11187-019-00196-zopen access