La seguridad alimentaria familiar en Cuba: dimensiones sociológicas para su estudio a escala territorial
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Abstract
La consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) es una tarea inminente para todos los países del mundo. Sin embargo, debido a las desigualdades y problemas de hambre y malnutrición se agudizan las situaciones de inseguridad alimentaria provocando relaciones alimentarias inestables que demandan estudios en materia de acceso, estabilidad, uso y disponibilidad de alimentos. Esta línea de análisis requiere abordar no solo las dimensiones antes mencionadas, sino también otros factores que intervienen en la seguridad alimentaria al interior de los hogares como son, entre otros: los bajos recursos que generan vulnerabilidad alimentaria, la inflación monetaria, la crisis energética y los altos precios de los alimentos.
El panorama descrito muestra que será difícil erradicar el hambre para el 2030 y cumplir con el principio fundamental de los ODS. D manera específica el Objetivo 2, cuya prioridad está entre otros aspectos, en lograr la seguridad alimentaria con la finalidad de alcanzar el bienestar social de todas las personas: "No dejar a nadie atrás". Alcanzar esta máxima de inclusión social constituye un desafío a partir de la emergencia de conflictos sociales, económicos y culturales que tienen incidencia en los desajustes estructurales no solo en materia de alimentación, sino también en las relaciones sociales entre grupos e individuos.
La seguridad alimentaria a nivel de las familias ha tenido débiles acercamientos teóricos desde el campo de estudio de la sociología. Se han abordado conceptos próximos a esta ciencia, sin embargo, aún es limitada la introducción de un enfoque sociológico que permita comprender las diferentes dimensiones que transversalizan la configuración de dicha seguridad.
Es preciso destacar que, si bien hay informaciones y reflexiones generales o globales, el ámbito de estudio prioritario es Cuba y, dentro de la misma, el municipio de Santiago de Cuba.
En el contexto cubano actual, la política de seguridad alimentaria ha incursionado en diversos cambios y transformaciones con el propósito de dinamizar las estrategias territoriales de alimentación, fortaleciendo los vínculos entre el acceso, disponibilidad, estabilidad y utilización de los alimentos. No obstante, a pesar de los esfuerzos realizados aun es limitada la relación de estas dimensiones a escala micro ante influencias macro sociales en el ámbito nacional.
En concreto, en Santiago de Cuba, la configuración de la seguridad alimentaria familiar ha estado caracterizada por la confluencia de diversos factores que tienen su expresión en un conjunto de prácticas sociales y culturales. La producción y reproducción de estas prácticas a nivel de las familias está interrelacionada con las posibilidades de acceder a una estructura de oportunidades en materia de alimentos conformada por bienes y servicios. Actualmente, estos bienes y servicios están mediados por el Índice de Precio al Consumidor (IPC), la fluctuación de los precios, el incremento de la vulnerabilidad multidimensional, así como inestabilidades en el vínculo producción, elaboración, distribución y comercialización.
Teniendo en cuenta el panorama descrito, se propone como objetivo general de investigación fundamentar las principales dimensiones sociológicas que configuran la seguridad alimentaria familiar (SAF) a escala territorial con la finalidad de aportar una concepción teórica y metodológica de seguridad alimentaria más integral, inclusiva y relacional.
Lograr esta SAF requiere de la participación e inclusión de todos los sujetos sociales para alcanzar el bienestar alimentario de las personas y evitar de esta manera las situaciones de vulnerabilidad social alimentaria que desintegran o desestructuran el acceso a los alimentos. Como resultado de esta investigación, se obtuvo el diseño de un conjunto de dimensiones sociológicas que permiten desarrollar un análisis más profundo de las relaciones alimentarias al interior de los hogares. Estas dimensiones no solo se vinculan al acceso, uso, estabilidad y disponibilidad de los alimentos, sino también a los conocimientos, sentidos, hábitus incorporado, significados y cultura alimentaria de los diferentes individuos, grupos y familias estudiadas.
The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an imminent task for all countries in the world. However, due to inequalities and problems of hunger and malnutrition, situations of food insecurity worsen, causing unstable food relations that demand studies on access, stability, use and availability of food. This line of analysis requires addressing not only the aforementioned dimensions, but also other factors that intervene in food security within households, such as, among others: low resources that generate food vulnerability, monetary inflation, the energy crisis and high food prices. The panorama described shows that it will be difficult to eradicate hunger by 2030 and comply with the fundamental principle of the SDGs. Specifically, Goal 2, whose priority is, among other aspects, to achieve food security in order to achieve the social well-being of all people: "Leave no one behind." Achieving this maxim of social inclusion constitutes a challenge due to the emergence of social, economic and cultural conflicts that have an impact on structural imbalances not only in terms of food, but also in social relations between groups and individuals. Food security at the family level has had weak theoretical approaches from the field of study of sociology. Concepts close to this science have been addressed, however, the introduction of a sociological approach that allows understanding the different dimensions that cut across the configuration of said security is still limited. It should be noted that, although there is general or global information and reflections, the priority field of study is Cuba and, within it, the municipality of Santiago de Cuba. In the current Cuban context, food security policy has embarked on various changes and transformations with the purpose of energizing territorial food strategies, strengthening the links between access, availability, stability and use of food. However, despite the efforts made, the relationship of these dimensions on a micro scale to macro social influences at the national level is still limited. Specifically, in Santiago de Cuba, the configuration of household food security has been characterised by the confluence of various factors that are expressed in a set of social and cultural practices. The production and reproduction of these practices at the family level is interrelated with the possibilities of accessing a structure of food opportunities made up of goods and services. Currently, these goods and services are mediated by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), price fluctuation, increased multidimensional vulnerability, as well as instabilities in the production, processing, distribution and marketing link. Taking into account the panorama described, the general research objective is proposed to substantiate the main sociological dimensions that make up family food security (FAS) at a territorial scale with the aim of providing a more comprehensive, inclusive and relational theoretical and methodological conception of food security. Achieving this SAF requires the participation and inclusion of all social subjects to achieve people's nutritional well-being and thus avoid situations of social food vulnerability that disintegrate or destructure access to food. As a result of this research, a set of sociological dimensions were designed that allow for a deeper analysis of intra-household food relations. These dimensions are not only linked to access, use, stability and availability of food, but also to the knowledge, senses, incorporated habits, meanings and food culture of the different individuals, groups and families studied.
The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is an imminent task for all countries in the world. However, due to inequalities and problems of hunger and malnutrition, situations of food insecurity worsen, causing unstable food relations that demand studies on access, stability, use and availability of food. This line of analysis requires addressing not only the aforementioned dimensions, but also other factors that intervene in food security within households, such as, among others: low resources that generate food vulnerability, monetary inflation, the energy crisis and high food prices. The panorama described shows that it will be difficult to eradicate hunger by 2030 and comply with the fundamental principle of the SDGs. Specifically, Goal 2, whose priority is, among other aspects, to achieve food security in order to achieve the social well-being of all people: "Leave no one behind." Achieving this maxim of social inclusion constitutes a challenge due to the emergence of social, economic and cultural conflicts that have an impact on structural imbalances not only in terms of food, but also in social relations between groups and individuals. Food security at the family level has had weak theoretical approaches from the field of study of sociology. Concepts close to this science have been addressed, however, the introduction of a sociological approach that allows understanding the different dimensions that cut across the configuration of said security is still limited. It should be noted that, although there is general or global information and reflections, the priority field of study is Cuba and, within it, the municipality of Santiago de Cuba. In the current Cuban context, food security policy has embarked on various changes and transformations with the purpose of energizing territorial food strategies, strengthening the links between access, availability, stability and use of food. However, despite the efforts made, the relationship of these dimensions on a micro scale to macro social influences at the national level is still limited. Specifically, in Santiago de Cuba, the configuration of household food security has been characterised by the confluence of various factors that are expressed in a set of social and cultural practices. The production and reproduction of these practices at the family level is interrelated with the possibilities of accessing a structure of food opportunities made up of goods and services. Currently, these goods and services are mediated by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), price fluctuation, increased multidimensional vulnerability, as well as instabilities in the production, processing, distribution and marketing link. Taking into account the panorama described, the general research objective is proposed to substantiate the main sociological dimensions that make up family food security (FAS) at a territorial scale with the aim of providing a more comprehensive, inclusive and relational theoretical and methodological conception of food security. Achieving this SAF requires the participation and inclusion of all social subjects to achieve people's nutritional well-being and thus avoid situations of social food vulnerability that disintegrate or destructure access to food. As a result of this research, a set of sociological dimensions were designed that allow for a deeper analysis of intra-household food relations. These dimensions are not only linked to access, use, stability and availability of food, but also to the knowledge, senses, incorporated habits, meanings and food culture of the different individuals, groups and families studied.