Estudio de una comunidad de lepidópteros en un área mediterránea de media montaña
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Abstract
Se ha estudiado entre 2017 y 2019 la comunidad de lepidópteros nocturnos y diurnos en una zona mediterránea
de media montaña del SO de la Península Ibérica. El trabajo de campo se ha desarrollado en una parcela de 0,5
ha, ubicada en el Parque Natural Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche, ubicada a 600 m.s.n.m., orientación NO y
20 % de pendiente media. Los muestreos de lepidópteros se han realizado con periodicidad mensual, mediante
transectos diurnos de 250 m, recorriendo los cuatro hábitats presentes (bosque de castaños -HIC 9260-Bosques
de Castanea sativa-, bosque de galería, huerta y setos) y trampeos nocturnos con luz actínica mediante dos
lámparas separadas ≈ 50 m y ubicadas a menos de 10 m del bosque de galería. Se han contabilizado los ejemplares
de todas las especies de lepidópteros observados en cada muestreo. Se han realizado preparaciones de genitalias
para la identificación de las diferentes especies en los casos necesarios. Se han identificado 3528 ejemplares,
pertenecientes a 373 especies de 40 familias diferentes. Los especímenes capturados se depositarán en la Facultad
de Ciencias Experimentales de la Universidad de Huelva o en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid.
Los registros obtenidos, complementados por una extensa revisión bibliográfica, han permitido documentar la
variación temporal y estacional de la riqueza, la abundancia (dominadas por Geometridae y Noctuidae), el tipo de
dieta (principalmente oligófaga), el voltinismo (mayoritariamente univoltino) y biogeografía de la comunidad (de
ámbito mediterráneo, fundamentalmente). Los patrones de vuelo han presentado dos máximos anuales, en mayojunio
y en septiembre, con descensos progresivos en otoño e invierno. También se ha registrado un descenso de
capturas en julio y agosto, respecto a junio y septiembre, motivado por las altas temperaturas y la sequedad
ambiental. Las siete familias más representativas por número de especies y número de ejemplares capturados han
sido Geometridae, Noctuidae, Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae, Tortricidae y Nymphalidae. Las dos primeras han
contribuido a que se produjeran registros en otoño e invierno y el resto de las familias han volado preferentemente
en verano (Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae y Tortricidae) y en primavera (Nymphalidae). Un grupo característico
de 32 especies, representado principalmente por Noctuidae (13) y Geometridae (12), han volado exclusivamente
de octubre a marzo. A pesar del reducido tamaño del área muestreada, se ha descrito una nueva especie para la
Ciencia durante los muestreos de junio de 2019, Agnoea corteganensis Bernabé, Huertas, Jiménez & Vives, 2024; y otra en los muestreos complementarios realizados en 2020 y 2021 que incluye, además, un nuevo género,
Lourdesiella falcatum Bernabé, Huertas & Vives, 2023. De ambas se han obtenido secuencias del gen mitocondrial
citocromo oxidasa I (COI) y se han depositado en GenBank. Los registros obtenidos de L. falcatum y de las 373
especies identificadas constan en sendos recursos de acceso abierto de la Universidad de Huelva alojados en GBIF.
Paralelamente, se ha identificado la flora del entorno, contabilizándose 347 taxones vasculares pertenecientes a
74 familias, repartidos entre el estrato herbáceo (251), arbustivo (55) y arbóreo (41). También se han recabado
datos climáticos de la estación agroclimática HU008-Aracena, perteneciente a la Red Andaluza de Información
Fitosanitaria (RAIF), que ponen de manifiesto un clima mediterráneo, interanualmente muy variable, con
temperatura media anual en torno a 16º C, un periodo seco y cálido de junio a septiembre y otro, más frío y lluvioso, de octubre a mayo, con una pluviometría media anual de unos 1000 mm. Se ha comprobado estadísticamente (p < 0,05) que los valores mensuales de riqueza, abundancia y diversidad (Índice de Shannon exponencial) presentan una alta correlación positiva con la temperatura y la radiación solar, y una menor correlación negativa con la precipitación y la humedad. Los análisis de correspondencias canónicas (CCA) realizados indican también cómo la temperatura y la radiación son las variables climáticas que muestran mayor influencia sobre la presencia de las especies a lo largo de los diferentes meses del año. Los CCA ofrecen un valor de varianza acumulada del 84,79 % empleando los valores medios mensuales de temperatura, radiación solar y humedad relativa mínima, y 86,4 % si solo se consideran las especies monovoltinas. Es posible que la zona funcione como área de refugio de lepidópteros ante el cambio climático y la deforestación que se están produciendo en el entorno geográfico. Se han aportado directrices para mantener la diversidad en el entorno de la zona estudiada.
The community of nocturnal and diurnal Lepidoptera in a Mediterranean mid-mountain area of the SW Iberian Peninsula was studied between 2017 and 2019. The fieldwork was carried out in a 0.5 ha plot, located in the Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche Natural Park, at 600 m a.s.l., NW orientation and 20 % average slope. Lepidoptera sampling was carried out monthly, using 250 m diurnal transects, covering the four habitats present (chestnut forest -HIC 9260-Castanea sativa woodland-, gallery forest, orchard and hedgerows) and nocturnal trapping with actinic light using two lamps separated by ≈ 50 m and located less than 10 m from the gallery forest. Specimens of all Lepidoptera species observed in each sampling were counted. Genitalia were prepared for the identification of the different species when necessary. A total of 3528 specimens were identified, belonging to 373 species from 40 different families. The captured specimens will be deposited in the Faculty of Experimental Sciences of the University of Huelva or in the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid. The records obtained, complemented by an extensive bibliographic review, have allowed us to document the temporal and seasonal variation in richness, abundance (dominated by Geometridae and Noctuidae), diet type (mainly oligophagous), voltinism (mostly univoltine) and biogeography of the community (mainly Mediterranean). Flight patterns have shown two annual peaks, in May-June and September, with progressive declines in autumn and winter. There was also a decrease in the number of captures in July and August, compared to June and September, due to the high temperatures and dryness of the environment. The seven most representative families by number of species and number of specimens caught were Geometridae, Noctuidae, Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae, Tortricidae and Nymphalidae. The first two have contributed to records in autumn and winter and the rest of the families have flown preferentially in summer (Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae and Tortricidae) and spring (Nymphalidae). A characteristic group of 32 species, mainly represented by Noctuidae (13) and Geometridae (12), flew exclusively from October to March. Despite the small size of the sampled area, a new species has been described for Science during the June 2019 surveys, Agnoea corteganensis Bernabé, Huertas, Jiménez & Vives, 2024; and another in the complementary surveys carried out in 2020 and 2021 that also includes a new genus, Lourdesiella falcatum Bernabé, Huertas & Vives, 2023. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene have been obtained from both and deposited in GenBank. The records obtained for L. falcatum and the 373 species identified are included in the open access resources of the University of Huelva hosted in GBIF. At the same time, the surrounding flora has been identified, with 347 vascular taxa belonging to 74 families, distributed between the herbaceous (251), shrub (55) and tree (41) strata. Climatic data have also been collected from the agro-climatic station HU008-Aracena, belonging to the Andalusian Phytosanitary Information Network (RAIF), which show a Mediterranean climate, interannually very variable, with an average annual temperature of around 16º C, a dry and warm period from June to September and another, colder and rainy, from October to May, with an average annual rainfall of around 1000 mm. It has been statistically verified (p < 0.05) that the monthly values of richness, abundance and diversity (Shannon exponential index) show a high positive correlation with temperature and solar radiation, and a lower negative correlation with precipitation and humidity. The canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) carried out also indicate that temperature and radiation are the climatic variables that show the greatest influence on the presence of species throughout the different months of the year. The CCAs give a cumulative variance value of 84.79 % using the monthly mean values of temperature, solar radiation and minimum relative humidity, and 86.4 % if only monovoltine species are considered. It is possible that the area functions as a refuge area for Lepidoptera in the face of climate change and deforestation in the geographical environment. Guidelines have been provided to maintain diversity in the environment of the studied area.
The community of nocturnal and diurnal Lepidoptera in a Mediterranean mid-mountain area of the SW Iberian Peninsula was studied between 2017 and 2019. The fieldwork was carried out in a 0.5 ha plot, located in the Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche Natural Park, at 600 m a.s.l., NW orientation and 20 % average slope. Lepidoptera sampling was carried out monthly, using 250 m diurnal transects, covering the four habitats present (chestnut forest -HIC 9260-Castanea sativa woodland-, gallery forest, orchard and hedgerows) and nocturnal trapping with actinic light using two lamps separated by ≈ 50 m and located less than 10 m from the gallery forest. Specimens of all Lepidoptera species observed in each sampling were counted. Genitalia were prepared for the identification of the different species when necessary. A total of 3528 specimens were identified, belonging to 373 species from 40 different families. The captured specimens will be deposited in the Faculty of Experimental Sciences of the University of Huelva or in the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid. The records obtained, complemented by an extensive bibliographic review, have allowed us to document the temporal and seasonal variation in richness, abundance (dominated by Geometridae and Noctuidae), diet type (mainly oligophagous), voltinism (mostly univoltine) and biogeography of the community (mainly Mediterranean). Flight patterns have shown two annual peaks, in May-June and September, with progressive declines in autumn and winter. There was also a decrease in the number of captures in July and August, compared to June and September, due to the high temperatures and dryness of the environment. The seven most representative families by number of species and number of specimens caught were Geometridae, Noctuidae, Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae, Tortricidae and Nymphalidae. The first two have contributed to records in autumn and winter and the rest of the families have flown preferentially in summer (Crambidae, Pyralidae, Erebidae and Tortricidae) and spring (Nymphalidae). A characteristic group of 32 species, mainly represented by Noctuidae (13) and Geometridae (12), flew exclusively from October to March. Despite the small size of the sampled area, a new species has been described for Science during the June 2019 surveys, Agnoea corteganensis Bernabé, Huertas, Jiménez & Vives, 2024; and another in the complementary surveys carried out in 2020 and 2021 that also includes a new genus, Lourdesiella falcatum Bernabé, Huertas & Vives, 2023. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene have been obtained from both and deposited in GenBank. The records obtained for L. falcatum and the 373 species identified are included in the open access resources of the University of Huelva hosted in GBIF. At the same time, the surrounding flora has been identified, with 347 vascular taxa belonging to 74 families, distributed between the herbaceous (251), shrub (55) and tree (41) strata. Climatic data have also been collected from the agro-climatic station HU008-Aracena, belonging to the Andalusian Phytosanitary Information Network (RAIF), which show a Mediterranean climate, interannually very variable, with an average annual temperature of around 16º C, a dry and warm period from June to September and another, colder and rainy, from October to May, with an average annual rainfall of around 1000 mm. It has been statistically verified (p < 0.05) that the monthly values of richness, abundance and diversity (Shannon exponential index) show a high positive correlation with temperature and solar radiation, and a lower negative correlation with precipitation and humidity. The canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) carried out also indicate that temperature and radiation are the climatic variables that show the greatest influence on the presence of species throughout the different months of the year. The CCAs give a cumulative variance value of 84.79 % using the monthly mean values of temperature, solar radiation and minimum relative humidity, and 86.4 % if only monovoltine species are considered. It is possible that the area functions as a refuge area for Lepidoptera in the face of climate change and deforestation in the geographical environment. Guidelines have been provided to maintain diversity in the environment of the studied area.
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