Cambios en la estructura y en la función familiar de los adolescentes en los últimos 16 años (1997-2013) y su relación con el apoyo social
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Department
Research group
Center
Abstract
La
adolescencia,
es
una
etapa
de
grandes
cambíos,
un
periodo
de
aprendizaje
y
autodescubrimiento
en
el
que
se
pasa
de
la
dependencia
de
la infancia
a la
interdependencia
de
la
adultez
a través
de
una
transición
dinámica,
que
se
produce
de
forma
gradual
y
a un
ritmo
individualizado.
Es
una
etapa
de
inestabilidad
emocional,
búsqueda
de
identidad,
autoafirmación
e
independencia
en
la
que
se
produce
un
alejamiento
de
la
familia
por
parte
del
adolescente
y
un
acercamiento
al
grupo
de
pares.
Es
un
periodo
de
vulnerabilidad
para
el
desarrollo
de
problemas
emocÍonales
y
de
comportamiento.
Etapa
de
rápidos
cambios
biológicos
y
psicosociales
y
momentó
importante
para
sentar
las
bases
de
una
buena
salud
en
la
edad
adulta
y
oportunidad
para
corregir
problemas
de
salud
que
hayan
surgido.
Hábitos
como
el
consumo
de
tabaco
y
alcohol,
hábitos
alímenticios
y
de
actividad
física,
el
sobrepeso
y
la
obesidad
suelen
presentarse
a
esta
edad
y
tienen
un
grave
impacto
en
la
salud
y
desarrollo
del
adolescente
de
hoy
en
día.
Las
caracteristicas
individuales
del
adolescente,
la
estructura
familiar,
los
aspectos
relacionales
y
las
características
de
los
padres
pueden
estar
relacionados
con
los
problemas
emocionales
y
de
comportamiento
de
los
adolescentes.
Las
familias
han
ido
evolucionando,
representando
la
familia
nuclear
menos
del
50o/o
hoy
en
día,
emergiendo
otras
estructuras
como
las
familias
monoparentales,
ampliadas
y
las
reconstituidas,
que
han
contribuido
a
la
pluralidad
famÍliar
actual.
Tanto
la
estructura
como
la
función
familiar
influyeri
en
el
desarrollo
y
comportamiento
del
adolescente.
La
familia
como
estructura
de
sistema,
juega
un
papel
fundamental
en
la
prevención
de
conduÇtas
de
riesgo,
siendo
el
primer
agente
protector
y
facilitador
del
desarrollo
sano
del
adolescente,
en
cuyo
interior
se
educa
y
el
grado
de
funcionalidad
de
la
familia
permitirá
que
se
conviefta
en
una
persona
autónoma,
capaz
de
enfrentarse
en
integrarse
en
la
vida.
Se
define
la
familia
sana
como
aquella
que
desempeña
adecuadamente
sus
funciones,
de
acuerdo
a
la
etapa
del
ciclo
vital
en
la
que
se
encuentre
y
a
las
demandas
que
percibe
del
entorno.
Ante
acontecimientos
vitales
estresantes
la
familia
tiene
que
adaptarse
para
poder
afrontar
adecuadamente
situaciones
difíciles
o
estresantes.
El
apoyo
social
tiene
un
efecto
protector
sobre
parámetros relacionados
con
las
conductas
de
salud
y
la salud
en
general.
El
bajo
apoyo
social
influye
negativamente
en
el
estado
de
salud,
originado
la
aparición
de
síntomas
orgánicos,
psicológicos
y
psicosociales.
El
objetivo
principal
de
este
estudio
es
conocer
la relación
entre
la estructura
familiar
de
los
adolescentes
y
su
percepción
de
la
función
famíliar.
Son
objetivos
espêcfficos,
describir
los
cambios
en
el
tiempo
de
la
estructura
y
la
percêpcÍón
de
la
función
familíar,
valorar
la influencia
que
tiene
la
edad
y
el
género
en
la
percepción
de
la
función
familiar,
relacionar
el
apoyo
socíal
percibido
con
la función
y
estructura
familiar
así
como
determinar
la relación
existente
entre
la
edad
y
el
género
con
el apoyo
social
percibido
por
los
adolescentes.
Diseño:
Estudio
con
diseño
descriptívo
trasversal
mediante
encuestas
realizadas
entre
1997
y
20L3,
a
2050
adolescentes
de
11
a
19
años
de
un
Instituto
de
Educación
Secundaria
de
una
zona
urbana
de
Jaén.
Resultados:
La
estructura
familiar
más
frecuente
es
la
nuclear,
seguida
de
las
familias
monoparentales,
ampliadas
y
reconstituidas,
no
existiendo
grandes
diferencias
a lo
largo
de
los
años
del
estudio.
La
mayoríia
de
los
adolescentes
perciben
una
adecuada
función
familiar,
con
porcentajes
de
disfunción
leve
y
graves
variables
pero
inferiores
a
la
cuafta
parte
de
la
población
estudiada,
decreciendo
la
disfunción
familiar,
sobre
todo
la
grave
a
lo
largo
de
los
años
del
estudio
a
la
vez
que
se
incrementa
la
percepción
de
funcionamiento
familiar
adecuado
en
las
familias
ampliadas
y
reconstituidas.
No
existe
una
relación
clära
entre
la
estructura
familiar
y
la
percepción
de
funôionalidad.
No
existen
diferencias
de
género
en
cuanto
al
funcionamiento
familiar
y
es
a los
14,15
y
17
años
cuando
se
percibe
más
disfunción
familiar
en
los
primeros
años
del
estudio.
La
percepcíón
de
apoyo
social
adecuado
es
mayoritaria
entre
los
adolescentes,
siendo
mejor
el
apoyo
afectivo
que
el
confidencial.
Las
mujeres
.perciben
mayor
apoyo
social
que
los
hombres,
no
existiendo
diferencias
en
cuànto
a
la
edad
o
la
estructura
,familiar.
Tanto
los
resultados
del
test
de
APGAR
familiar
como
los
del
test
de
DUKE-INC
se
encuentran
relacionados
con
la
percepción
adecuada
de
función
familiar
y
la relacÍón
de
buen
ã'poyo
social.
La
disfunción
familiar
es
más
frecuente
si
el
apoyo
social
es
insatisfactorio
en
los
adolescentes.
Adolescence is a time of great changes, a period of learning and self-discovery in which passes from dependence of childhood to the interdependency of adulthood through a dynamic transition, which occurs gradually and an individualized pace. It is a time of emotional instability, search for identity, self-affirmation and independence in a departure from the family by the teenager and an approach to peer group occurs. It is a period of vulnerability for developíng emotíonal and behavioral problems. It is a stage of rapid biological and psychosocial changes and impoftant tíme"to lay the foundations for good heejlth in adulthood and opportuníty to correct health problems that have arisen. Habits lÍke smoking or habits like smoking or drinking alcohol, eating habits and physical activity, overweight and obesity often occur at this age and have a serious impact on the health and development of adolescents today. Adolescent individual characteristícs, family structure, relational aspects and features of the parents may be related to emotional and behavioral problems of adolescents. Families have evolved, the nuclear family representiñg þss than 50o/o today, emerging other structures such as single parents, extended and reconstructed, which have contributed to the current family plurality. Both the structure and family function influence the development and adolescent behavior. The famíly as a system structure plays a key role in preventing risky behaviors, the first protective agent and facilitator of healthy adolescent development, within which you educate and degree of family functionality will allow it to become an autonomous person, able to face in integrated in life. Healthy family as one that performs its functions properly, according to the stage of life in which you are and the demands that perceives the environment is defÍned. To stressful life events the famíly has to adapt to properly cope with difficult or stressful sítuations. Social support has a protective effect on parameters related to health behaviors and health in general. Low social support negatively affects health status, originated the appearance of organic, psychological and psychosocial symptoms. The main obiective of this studv is to know the relationshío between familv structure of adolescents and their percept¡on of family function. They are specific, describe the changes over time of the structure and perception of family function, to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the perception of family function, relate perceived social suppoft with function and family structure and to determine the relationshíp between age and gender with social support perceived by adolescents, Desing: Transversal study with descriptive design through surueys conducted between 1997 and 2013, to 2050 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old of Secondary School in an urban area of Jaen. Results: The most common is the nuclear family structure, followed by single parent, extended gnd blended families, there are no big differences over the years of the study. Most teens receive adequate family function, with percentages of mÍld and severe variables but less than a quarter of the population studied dysfunction, decreasing the especially severe family dysfunction over the years of study at a time that the perception of proper family functioning in the extended and stepfamilies increases. There is no clear relationship between family structure and perception of functionality. There are no gender differences in terms of family functioning and the 14, t5 and L7 years old when more family dysfunction is seen in the early years of the study. The perception of adequate social support is majority among adolescents, the best being the confidential emotional support. Women perceive greater social support than men, with no differences in age or family structure. Both test results as family APGAR and DUKE-INC test are related to adequate perception of family function and relationship of good social support. Family dysfunction is more commgn if social support is unsatisfactory in adolescents.
Adolescence is a time of great changes, a period of learning and self-discovery in which passes from dependence of childhood to the interdependency of adulthood through a dynamic transition, which occurs gradually and an individualized pace. It is a time of emotional instability, search for identity, self-affirmation and independence in a departure from the family by the teenager and an approach to peer group occurs. It is a period of vulnerability for developíng emotíonal and behavioral problems. It is a stage of rapid biological and psychosocial changes and impoftant tíme"to lay the foundations for good heejlth in adulthood and opportuníty to correct health problems that have arisen. Habits lÍke smoking or habits like smoking or drinking alcohol, eating habits and physical activity, overweight and obesity often occur at this age and have a serious impact on the health and development of adolescents today. Adolescent individual characteristícs, family structure, relational aspects and features of the parents may be related to emotional and behavioral problems of adolescents. Families have evolved, the nuclear family representiñg þss than 50o/o today, emerging other structures such as single parents, extended and reconstructed, which have contributed to the current family plurality. Both the structure and family function influence the development and adolescent behavior. The famíly as a system structure plays a key role in preventing risky behaviors, the first protective agent and facilitator of healthy adolescent development, within which you educate and degree of family functionality will allow it to become an autonomous person, able to face in integrated in life. Healthy family as one that performs its functions properly, according to the stage of life in which you are and the demands that perceives the environment is defÍned. To stressful life events the famíly has to adapt to properly cope with difficult or stressful sítuations. Social support has a protective effect on parameters related to health behaviors and health in general. Low social support negatively affects health status, originated the appearance of organic, psychological and psychosocial symptoms. The main obiective of this studv is to know the relationshío between familv structure of adolescents and their percept¡on of family function. They are specific, describe the changes over time of the structure and perception of family function, to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the perception of family function, relate perceived social suppoft with function and family structure and to determine the relationshíp between age and gender with social support perceived by adolescents, Desing: Transversal study with descriptive design through surueys conducted between 1997 and 2013, to 2050 adolescents aged 11 to 19 years old of Secondary School in an urban area of Jaen. Results: The most common is the nuclear family structure, followed by single parent, extended gnd blended families, there are no big differences over the years of the study. Most teens receive adequate family function, with percentages of mÍld and severe variables but less than a quarter of the population studied dysfunction, decreasing the especially severe family dysfunction over the years of study at a time that the perception of proper family functioning in the extended and stepfamilies increases. There is no clear relationship between family structure and perception of functionality. There are no gender differences in terms of family functioning and the 14, t5 and L7 years old when more family dysfunction is seen in the early years of the study. The perception of adequate social support is majority among adolescents, the best being the confidential emotional support. Women perceive greater social support than men, with no differences in age or family structure. Both test results as family APGAR and DUKE-INC test are related to adequate perception of family function and relationship of good social support. Family dysfunction is more commgn if social support is unsatisfactory in adolescents.











