Con la vista en Portugal y mirando a España : EE. UU. y el cambio político peninsular
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En el contexto de la Guerra Fría, el fin de las dictaduras en Portugal y
España se observa desde el exterior como un problema único, que preocupa
a Occidente porque podría conllevar la desestabilización política,
social y económica del suroeste europeo, así lo he interpretado anteriormente,
pero en este artículo se insiste, además, en el marco de la Détente
y esto es nuestro primer foco de atención. Como segundo objetivo,
se observa cómo en el caso de Portugal la posición de la Administración
Ford evolucionó desde una presión directa sobre la Presidencia y los
Gobiernos provisionales para que sacaran a los comunistas del poder a
una actitud más contemporizadora, que había sido sostenida por los Gobiernos
europeos y consistió en dar tiempo y ayudar a los sectores políticamente
moderados para que reaccionaran. Por último, se defiende que la
evolución de Portugal proporcionó a EE. UU. un aprendizaje para canalizar
su actuación sobre la inminente transición española: el respaldo al reformismo,
la observación permanente del Ejército, la búsqueda de contactos
con la oposición moderada y, muy principalmente, el convencimiento
de que la mejor garantía para la viabilidad del proyecto reformista que
avalaban se hallaba en vincular a los europeos con el mismo y, en esencia,
que le otorgaran su credibilidad. Se convencieron de que la llave para la
estabilidad en España se hallaba en la europeización.
In the context of the Cold War, the end of dictatorships in Portugal and Spain are seen from the outside as a single issue that worries the West because it could lead to the political, social and economic instability of South-western Europe. This article also underlines the context of Détente which is our first focus. As a second objective, it is observed that in the case of Portugal the Ford Administration's position evolved from putting direct pressure on the Presidency and the interim Governments to take out the Communists from power to a more temporizing approach, which had been supported by European Governments and consisted in giving time and helping to moderate political sectors in order for them to react. Finally, we argue that the evolution of Portugal provided the U.S. with the insight to channel their actions on the impending Spanish Transition: supporting the reforms, the permanent Army observation, searching for contacts within the moderate opposition and, most importantly, the conviction that the best guarantee for the viability of the reform project was to bind the Europeans to it and, in essence, grant it its credibility. They were convinced that the key to stability in Spain was in Europeanization.
In the context of the Cold War, the end of dictatorships in Portugal and Spain are seen from the outside as a single issue that worries the West because it could lead to the political, social and economic instability of South-western Europe. This article also underlines the context of Détente which is our first focus. As a second objective, it is observed that in the case of Portugal the Ford Administration's position evolved from putting direct pressure on the Presidency and the interim Governments to take out the Communists from power to a more temporizing approach, which had been supported by European Governments and consisted in giving time and helping to moderate political sectors in order for them to react. Finally, we argue that the evolution of Portugal provided the U.S. with the insight to channel their actions on the impending Spanish Transition: supporting the reforms, the permanent Army observation, searching for contacts within the moderate opposition and, most importantly, the conviction that the best guarantee for the viability of the reform project was to bind the Europeans to it and, in essence, grant it its credibility. They were convinced that the key to stability in Spain was in Europeanization.
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Bibliographic citation
Lemus López, E.: "Con la vista en Portugal y mirando a España : EE. UU. y el cambio político peninsular". Hispania. Revista Española de Historia. Vol. 72, n. 242, págs. 723-754, (2012). ISSN 0018-2141












