Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores de la construcción: evaluación y propuestas de intervención
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Abstract
Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha alterado profundamente las condiciones laborales, afectando la salud y seguridad de los trabajadores de la construcción en Andalucía. Este sector ya se caracteriza por condiciones de trabajo estresantes que se han visto exacerbadas por la pandemia.
Objetivos: El estudio busca evaluar el malestar psicológico, el compromiso laboral, la ansiedad y el miedo entre los trabajadores de la construcción durante la pandemia, diferenciando entre sexos y determinando los factores que influyen en la salud mental de estos trabajadores.
Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal dividido en dos fases:
1. Análisis bibliográfico: Revisión sistemática y narrativa de la literatura existente.
2. Estudio de campo: Encuesta a 860 trabajadores de la construcción entre marzo y mayo de 2022, utilizando un cuestionario que incluyó variables sociodemográficas, el Cuestionario de Impacto Emocional a la COVID-19 (EIQ COVID-19), el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (GHQ-12), la Escala de Compromiso Laboral de Utrecht (UWES-9) y la Escala Ansiedad y Miedo a la COVID-19 (AMICO).
Resultados: Los resultados revelaron diversos factores estresantes, como la edad, equipo de seguridad inadecuado, cultura de seguridad deficiente, alta carga de trabajo, dolor físico, bajo apoyo social, falta de justicia organizacional y situación financiera. La incidencia de malestar psicológico fue mayor en mujeres, menores de 43 años, trabajadores con ingresos inferiores a 1200 euros, aquellos cuyas condiciones laborales se vieron afectadas por la pandemia y quienes no recibieron formación adecuada para protegerse del virus. Conclusiones: Los accidentes laborales y el malestar psicológico están significativamente relacionados con factores como la edad, las largas horas de trabajo y las dificultades laborales. A pesar de recibir las mismas medidas preventivas, las mujeres experimentaron mayores niveles de angustia psicológica. La salud y el estado físico fueron determinantes en la salud mental de las mujeres, mientras que el compromiso laboral lo fue para los hombres. El estudio sugiere la necesidad de políticas de intervención específicas para mejorar la salud mental y las condiciones laborales en el sector de la construcción.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered working conditions, affecting the health and safety of construction workers in Andalusia. This sector is already characterized by stressful working conditions that have been exacerbated by the pandemic. Objectives: The study aims to assess psychological distress, work engagement, anxiety, and fear among construction workers during the pandemic, differentiating between genders and determining the factors influencing their mental health. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases: 1. Bibliographic analysis: Systematic and narrative review of existing literature. 2. Field study: Survey of 860 construction workers between March and May 2022, using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic variables, the Emotional Impact of COVID-19 Questionnaire (EIQ COVID-19), the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9), and the Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (AMICO). Results: The results revealed various stress-inducing factors, such as age, inadequate safety equipment, poor safety culture, high workload, physical pain, low social support, lack of organizational justice, and financial situation. Psychological distress incidence was higher among women, those under 43, workers with incomes below 1200 euros, those whose working conditions were affected by the pandemic, and those who did not receive adequate training to protect themselves from the virus. Conclusions: Work accidents and psychological distress are significantly related to factors like age, long working hours, and work difficulties. Despite receiving the same preventive measures, women experienced higher levels of psychological distress. Health and physical condition were determinant in women’s mental health, while work engagement was for men. The study suggests the need for specific intervention policies to improve mental health and working conditions in the construction sector.
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly altered working conditions, affecting the health and safety of construction workers in Andalusia. This sector is already characterized by stressful working conditions that have been exacerbated by the pandemic. Objectives: The study aims to assess psychological distress, work engagement, anxiety, and fear among construction workers during the pandemic, differentiating between genders and determining the factors influencing their mental health. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted in two phases: 1. Bibliographic analysis: Systematic and narrative review of existing literature. 2. Field study: Survey of 860 construction workers between March and May 2022, using a questionnaire that included sociodemographic variables, the Emotional Impact of COVID-19 Questionnaire (EIQ COVID-19), the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9), and the Anxiety and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (AMICO). Results: The results revealed various stress-inducing factors, such as age, inadequate safety equipment, poor safety culture, high workload, physical pain, low social support, lack of organizational justice, and financial situation. Psychological distress incidence was higher among women, those under 43, workers with incomes below 1200 euros, those whose working conditions were affected by the pandemic, and those who did not receive adequate training to protect themselves from the virus. Conclusions: Work accidents and psychological distress are significantly related to factors like age, long working hours, and work difficulties. Despite receiving the same preventive measures, women experienced higher levels of psychological distress. Health and physical condition were determinant in women’s mental health, while work engagement was for men. The study suggests the need for specific intervention policies to improve mental health and working conditions in the construction sector.
Keywords
Ansiedad; Estrés; Miedo; Salud mental; Trabajadores de la construcción; Condiciones de trabajo; Seguridad y salud en el trabajo; COVID-19; Salud Pública; Difusión de la Información; Anxiety; Stress; Fear; Mental Health; Construction Workers; Working Conditions; Occupational Health; Public Health; Safety Work; Information sources














