Aspectos metodológicos de la identificación de genes relacionados con el lenguaje. Cuestiones concernientes a las estrategias de clonación y a la naturaleza de las relaciones existentes entre los genes y la cognición
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Abstract
La identificación de los genes que intervienen en la regulación del
desarrollo (y el funcionamiento) del sustrato neuronal del lenguaje, y cuya mutación
constituye un factor causal significativo, o de riesgo, en la aparición de diversos trastornos
caracterizados por su disfunción, reviste un carácter crucial en cualquier caracterización
neurobiológica de la facultad del lenguaje y resulta fundamental para
establecer la genuina etiología de dichos trastornos. Actualmente se dispone para ello
de diversas técnicas, como la clonación comparativa, la clonación funcional o la clonación
posicional. Sin embargo, la significación de los resultados obtenidos viene condicionada
por diversos factores de carácter eminentemente metodológico (entre los que
cabe destacar, y dejando a un lado los derivados del modo en que se define el fenotipo
objeto de análisis, los propios fundamentos de dichas técnicas), pero también por la
genuina naturaleza de la relación existente entre los genes y el lenguaje, que en ningún
caso reviste un carácter causal directo.
The identification (and the structural and functional characterization) of genes which can be legitimately regarded as involved in the regulation of the development of the neuronal substrate of the “language organ” is crucial for a comprehensive neurobiological depiction of the language faculty, but also for the elucidation of the etiology of different inherited language impairments, as these genes, when mutated, can also be plausibly considered as casual (or risk) factors for the appearance of such impairments. Different molecular techniques have been developed for cloning and molecularly characterising the so-called “language genes”. Nevertheless, the real significance of their output is heavily constrained by methodological caveats and shortcomings. Besides all kind of problems related to the very way in which the phenotype (a starting point for these cloning techniques) is defined, categorised, and delimited, most relevant of them concern the foundations themselves of such techniques, but also the genuine relationship which holds between genes and language, which can never be regarded as a direct causal link.
The identification (and the structural and functional characterization) of genes which can be legitimately regarded as involved in the regulation of the development of the neuronal substrate of the “language organ” is crucial for a comprehensive neurobiological depiction of the language faculty, but also for the elucidation of the etiology of different inherited language impairments, as these genes, when mutated, can also be plausibly considered as casual (or risk) factors for the appearance of such impairments. Different molecular techniques have been developed for cloning and molecularly characterising the so-called “language genes”. Nevertheless, the real significance of their output is heavily constrained by methodological caveats and shortcomings. Besides all kind of problems related to the very way in which the phenotype (a starting point for these cloning techniques) is defined, categorised, and delimited, most relevant of them concern the foundations themselves of such techniques, but also the genuine relationship which holds between genes and language, which can never be regarded as a direct causal link.
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Bibliographic citation
Benítez Burraco, A.: "Aspectos metodológicos de la identificación de genes relacionados con el lenguaje. Cuestiones concernientes a las estrategias de clonación y a la naturaleza de las relaciones existentes entre los genes y la cognición". RESLA. Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada. Vol. 24, págs. 29-42, (2011). ISSN 0213-2028












