Estudio sobre la calidad de vida profesional en profesionales de enfermería del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía
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Abstract
Las enfermeras están expuestas a una serie de situaciones estresantes derivadas del
contexto laboral. Además, tienen que enfrentarse a escenarios de sufrimiento psicológico
cuando atienden a los enfermos y familiares, lo que va en detrimento de su calidad de vida. El
constructo de calidad de vida profesional abarca dos dimensiones contrapuestas. Por un lado
estaría la satisfacción de compasión y por el otro, la fatiga por compasión; esta última estaría
conformada por el burnout y el estrés traumático secundario. El objetivo de esta investigación
fue conocer la calidad de vida profesional de las enfermeras del Sistema Sanitario Público de
Andalucía, profundizando en el análisis de la fatiga por compasión y la compasión, como
elemento indispensable en este constructo.
Para la consecución de este objetivo se ha realizado un estudio multicéntrico con
diseño de metodología mixta. En la primera fase se siguió un diseño cuantitativo descriptivo observacional transversal o de prevalencia. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por
1521 enfermeras seleccionadas entre todas las provincias andaluzas. En la primera fase se
analizó cual era la situación de las enfermeras respecto de su calidad de vida profesional. Para
ello, se analizaron una serie de variables sociodemográficas y se administró la Escala de
Calidad de Vida Profesional (en inglés, Professional Quality of Life Assessment, ProQOL). El
resultado fue una puntuación media elevada en fatiga por compasión (20,74; SD=7,88) y
niveles medios en satisfacción de compasión (35,48; SD=7,39) y burnout (23,44; SD=5,29).
La segunda fase del estudio se desarrolló siguiendo una metodología cualitativa
mediante un diseño de teoría fundamentada en una primera parte, para posteriormente,
continuar con un diseño fenomenológico. Se realizaron 25 entrevistas y 5 grupos de discusión,
con un total de 68 participantes.
La información obtenida de los participantes en los grupos de discusión y las
entrevistas en profundidad constató una percepción negativa del término compasión, que era
entendido como sinónimo de empatía, si bien algunas enfermeras sí confirmaban diferencias
entre ambos conceptos. Respecto a las causas que motivaban la existencia de fatiga por
compasión, las enfermeras identificaron la frustración por no poder aliviar el sufrimiento de la
persona enferma, la diferencia de paradigma entre profesionales y el contacto diario con
personas gravemente enfermas. Como consecuencias sobre su calidad de vida profesional se identificaron dificultades en el desempeño laboral, emocionales y personales, así como la
necesidad de solicitar un traslado de unidad o incluso el deseo de abandonar la profesión.
Como conclusión, destacar que para preservar la calidad de vida profesional de las
enfermeras, habría que desarrollar una serie de medidas que impliquen a la propia
administración y a los profesionales, como son conocer e implementar acciones para el
fomento y la preservación de la compasión. Además, respecto a la compasión se hace
necesario un cambio de paradigma, pues realmente no es la compasión la que genera fatiga por
compasión, sino más bien un exceso de empatía sin la debida aplicación de unos cuidados
compasivos.
Nurses are exposed to a series of stressful situations derived from the work context. In addition, they have to face scenarios of psychological suffering when they care for the sick and their families, which is detrimental to their quality of life. The quality of professional life construct encompasses two opposing dimensions. On the one hand, there would be compassion satisfaction and on the other, compassion fatigue; the latter would be made up of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The objective of this research was to know the quality of professional life of the nurses of the Andalusian Public Health System, deepening the analysis of compassion fatigue and compassion, as an indispensable element in this construct. To achieve this objective, a multicenter study with a mixed methodology design has been carried out. In the first phase, a cross-sectional descriptive-observational or prevalence quantitative design was followed. The study sample consisted of 1,521 nurses selected from all Andalusian provinces. In the first phase, the situation of the nurses regarding their quality of professional life was analyzed. For this, a series of sociodemographic variables were analyzed and the Professional Quality of Life Assessment (ProQOL) scale was administered. The result was a high score in compassion fatigue (20.74; SD = 7.88) and a medium in compassion satisfaction (35.48; SD = 7.39) and burnout (23.44; SD = 5.29 ). The second phase of the study was developed following a qualitative methodology through a grounded theory design in the first part, to later continue with a phenomenological design. 25 interviews and 5 discussion groups were conducted, with a total of 68 participants. The information obtained from the participants in the discussion groups and in-depth interviews confirmed a negative perception of the term compassion, which was understood as a synonym for empathy, although some nurses did confirm differences between both concepts. Regarding the causes that motivated the existence of compassion fatigue, the nurses identified frustration at not being able to alleviate the suffering of the sick person, the paradigm difference between professionals and daily contact with seriously ill people. As consequences on their quality of professional life, difficulties in work, emotional and personal performance were identified, as well as the need to request a transfer of the unit or even the desire to leave the profession. In conclusion, it should be noted that to preserve the quality of professional life of nurses, a series of measures tat involve the administration itself and the professionals should be developed, such as knowing and implementing actions to promote and preserve compassion. In addition, with respect to compassion, a paradigm shift is necessary, since it is not really compassion that generates compassion fatigue, but rather an excess of empathy without the proper application of compassionate care.
Nurses are exposed to a series of stressful situations derived from the work context. In addition, they have to face scenarios of psychological suffering when they care for the sick and their families, which is detrimental to their quality of life. The quality of professional life construct encompasses two opposing dimensions. On the one hand, there would be compassion satisfaction and on the other, compassion fatigue; the latter would be made up of burnout and secondary traumatic stress. The objective of this research was to know the quality of professional life of the nurses of the Andalusian Public Health System, deepening the analysis of compassion fatigue and compassion, as an indispensable element in this construct. To achieve this objective, a multicenter study with a mixed methodology design has been carried out. In the first phase, a cross-sectional descriptive-observational or prevalence quantitative design was followed. The study sample consisted of 1,521 nurses selected from all Andalusian provinces. In the first phase, the situation of the nurses regarding their quality of professional life was analyzed. For this, a series of sociodemographic variables were analyzed and the Professional Quality of Life Assessment (ProQOL) scale was administered. The result was a high score in compassion fatigue (20.74; SD = 7.88) and a medium in compassion satisfaction (35.48; SD = 7.39) and burnout (23.44; SD = 5.29 ). The second phase of the study was developed following a qualitative methodology through a grounded theory design in the first part, to later continue with a phenomenological design. 25 interviews and 5 discussion groups were conducted, with a total of 68 participants. The information obtained from the participants in the discussion groups and in-depth interviews confirmed a negative perception of the term compassion, which was understood as a synonym for empathy, although some nurses did confirm differences between both concepts. Regarding the causes that motivated the existence of compassion fatigue, the nurses identified frustration at not being able to alleviate the suffering of the sick person, the paradigm difference between professionals and daily contact with seriously ill people. As consequences on their quality of professional life, difficulties in work, emotional and personal performance were identified, as well as the need to request a transfer of the unit or even the desire to leave the profession. In conclusion, it should be noted that to preserve the quality of professional life of nurses, a series of measures tat involve the administration itself and the professionals should be developed, such as knowing and implementing actions to promote and preserve compassion. In addition, with respect to compassion, a paradigm shift is necessary, since it is not really compassion that generates compassion fatigue, but rather an excess of empathy without the proper application of compassionate care.














