Estudio ómico y metaómico de la neurotoxicidad y efectos en la reproducción de contaminantes a través de la microbiota intestinal
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Abstract
Los contaminantes ambientales degradan la calidad del medio ambiente y perjudican la flora,
fauna y la salud humana constituyendo una preocupación mundial de primer orden. Uno de
los tipos de contaminantes ambientales más importantes son los químicos siendo los metales
pesados de los más críticos y extendidos en los ecosistemas.
El eje microbiota intestinal-cerebro supone la interrelación entre sistema nervioso central y
tracto gastrointestinal a través de vías nerviosas, hormonales e inmunológicas e implicando a
la microbiota intestinal. Esta es determinante en la neuroquímica cerebral y ha demostrado su
influencia también en la salud reproductiva, llegando a influir también en el eje hipotálamohipófisis
gonadal e hipotálamo-hipófisis tiroideo.
Asimismo, los avances en neurociencias, en bioquímica y el aumento de la esperanza de vida
están promoviendo constantes estudios sobre senilidad y la enfermedad de Alzheimer, cuyos
biomarcadores está permitiendo el diagnóstico en estadios más precoces de la enfermedad,
desviando los tradicionales criterios neuropatológicos en la fase terminal, hacia la
identificación del grado y distribución neurológica de las lesiones asociadas según los
Estadios de Braak.
Las ciencias ómicas suponen un conjunto de disciplinas que permiten estudiar a gran escala
los componentes moleculares de los sistemas biológicos. Según los objetivos de estudio se
subdividen en cuatro grandes áreas: la genómica, que analiza el genoma completo; la transcriptómica, dedicada al conjunto de ARNm y visualizando procesos celulares que van a
ocurrir; la proteómica, que estudia las proteínas y funciones celulares; y, la metabolómica,
que analiza el conjunto de metabolitos y estado metabolómico del organismo en estrecha
relación con el fenotipo. También la metalómica es otra disciplina que emerge entre las
ómicas por el papel esencial de los metales en numerosos procesos biológicos. Además, las
meta-ómicas definidas como ómicas cuyo objeto de estudio son los genes, fragmentos de
ARN, proteínas, entre otros, provenientes de diferentes organismos (e.g. meta-genómica,
meta-taxonómica, meta-proteómica, entre otras) complementan este tipo de estudios.
En esta Tesis combinamos la metabolómica, metalómica y meta-taxonómico mediante
técnicas analíticas de alta resolución como la espectrometría de masas, con objeto de
estudiar la neurotoxicidad y efecto de contaminantes en la reproducción, considerando sus posibles efectos sinérgicos o antagónicos a través de la microbiota intestinal, utilizando para ello ratones modelo y cerebros humanos post-mortem con Alzheimer.
Para el estudio del potencial impacto de un “cóctel químico” compuesto de arsénico, cadmio, mercurio, flumequina y diclofenaco sobre el metaboloma cerebral y testicular de ratones y su posible conexión con la microbiota intestinal, así como la suplementación con selenio, aplicamos una plataforma metabolómica no dirigida con las técnicas analíticas de cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrómetro de masas de trampa de iones (GC-MS) y cromatografía líquida de ultra alta eficacia acoplada a cuadrupolo-tiempo de vuelo (UHPLC-QTOF). Los estudios metalómicos en muestras cerebrales post-mortem con Alzheimer se llevaron a cabo mediante mineralización asistida por microondas y determinación mediante plasma de acoplamiento inductivo con detector de triple cuadrupolo (ICP-QQQ-MS). Los estudios metataxónomicos se llevaron a cabo mediante la secuenciación del ARN ribosómico 16S con la plataforma de secuenciación MiSeq-Illumina. Nuestros resultados mostraron numerosas evidencias de la interacción clave entre la ingesta de selenio, la microbiota y los metabolitos cerebrales, teniendo potenciales efectos sobre la salud en múltiples niveles, incluido el eje microbiota intestinal-cerebro y la salud reproductiva, a pesar de haber sido afectados por los contaminantes. Por otra parte, observamos niveles más elevados de determinados metales y más bajos de otros, asociados a diferentes estadios de Braak en comparación con el grupo control y asociados a diferentes áreas cerebrales.
Concluimos que las metodologías metabolómicas basadas en la combinación de GC-MS y UHPLC-QTOF-MS han permitido determinar una amplia cobertura de metabolitos de diferente naturaleza en muestras de tejido cerebral y testicular de ratones expuestos al cóctel químico y suplementados con selenio. También, el análisis multielemental optimizado en muestras de tejido cerebral post-mortem basado en ICP-QQQ-MS, permitió determinar el metaloma de pacientes con diferentes estadios de Braak de Alzheimer y en diferentes regiones del cerebro humano.
Environmental pollutants degrade the quality of the environment and harm flora, fauna and human well-being, constituting a major global concern. The most important type of pollutants are chemicals, with heavy metals being the most critical and widespread in ecosystems. The gut-brain axis involves a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract through nervous, hormonal and immunological pathways and involving the gut microbiota. This is a determining factor in brain neurochemistry and has also demonstrated its influence on reproductive health, coming to be called the gut-gonad-microbiota axis due to the complex interactions with a potential impact in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes. Likewise, advances in neuroscience, biochemistry and increased life expectancy are promoting constant studies on senility and Alzheimer's disease, whose biomarkers are allowing diagnosis in earlier stages, diverting traditional neuropathological criteria in the terminal phase, towards the identification of the degree and neurological distribution of associated lesions according to Braak Stages. Omics is a set of disciplines that allow the large-scale study of the molecular components of biological systems. According to the study objectives, they are subdivided into four large areas: genomics, which analyzes the entire genome; transcriptomics, which analyzes the set of mRNA and visualizes cellular processes that will occur; proteomics, with the study of proteins and cellular functions; and metabolomics, which analyzes the set of metabolites and metabolomic state of the organism in close relation to the phenotype. Metallomics is also another discipline that emerges among the omics due to the essential role of metals in numerous biological processes. Also, meta-omic methodologies defined as omics that study the whole genome, ARN fragments, proteins, among others, that come from different organisms (e.g. meta-genomics, meta-taxonomics, meta-proteinomics, among others). This Thesis focuses on metabolomics, metallomics and meta-taxonomics using high-resolution analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, with the aim of studying the potential neurotoxicity and effect of contaminants on reproduction, considering their possible synergistic or antagonistic effects through the gut microbiota, using model mice and post-mortem human brains with Alzheimer's. To study the potential impact of a “chemical cocktail” (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, flumequine, and diclofenac) on the brain and testicular metabolome of mice and its possible connection with the gut microbiota, as well as selenium supplementation, we applied an “untargeted” metabolomic platform combining the analytical techniques gas chromatography couple to ion-trap mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF). Metallomic studies in post-mortem human brains with Alzheimer were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole (ICP-QQQ-MS) after mineralization of the samples with a microwave oven. Meta-taxonomic studies to determine the microbiota profiles were carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing by the platform MiSeq-Illumina. Our results showed numerous evidences of the key interaction between selenium intake, microbiota and brain metabolites, having potential effects on health at multiple levels, including the gut-brain axis and reproductive health, despite being affected by the contaminants. Moreover, we observed higher levels of certain metals and lower levels of others, associated with different Braak stages compared to the control group and associated with different brain areas. We conclude that the application of metabolomic methodologies based on the combination of GC-MS and UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed determining a wide coverage of metabolites of different nature in brain and testicular tissue samples of mice exposed to the chemical cocktail and supplemented with selenium. Also, optimized multielement analysis in post-mortem brain tissue samples based on ICP-QQQ-MS allowed determining the metallome of patients with different Braak stages of Alzheimer's and in different regions of the human brain.
Environmental pollutants degrade the quality of the environment and harm flora, fauna and human well-being, constituting a major global concern. The most important type of pollutants are chemicals, with heavy metals being the most critical and widespread in ecosystems. The gut-brain axis involves a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract through nervous, hormonal and immunological pathways and involving the gut microbiota. This is a determining factor in brain neurochemistry and has also demonstrated its influence on reproductive health, coming to be called the gut-gonad-microbiota axis due to the complex interactions with a potential impact in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes. Likewise, advances in neuroscience, biochemistry and increased life expectancy are promoting constant studies on senility and Alzheimer's disease, whose biomarkers are allowing diagnosis in earlier stages, diverting traditional neuropathological criteria in the terminal phase, towards the identification of the degree and neurological distribution of associated lesions according to Braak Stages. Omics is a set of disciplines that allow the large-scale study of the molecular components of biological systems. According to the study objectives, they are subdivided into four large areas: genomics, which analyzes the entire genome; transcriptomics, which analyzes the set of mRNA and visualizes cellular processes that will occur; proteomics, with the study of proteins and cellular functions; and metabolomics, which analyzes the set of metabolites and metabolomic state of the organism in close relation to the phenotype. Metallomics is also another discipline that emerges among the omics due to the essential role of metals in numerous biological processes. Also, meta-omic methodologies defined as omics that study the whole genome, ARN fragments, proteins, among others, that come from different organisms (e.g. meta-genomics, meta-taxonomics, meta-proteinomics, among others). This Thesis focuses on metabolomics, metallomics and meta-taxonomics using high-resolution analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry, with the aim of studying the potential neurotoxicity and effect of contaminants on reproduction, considering their possible synergistic or antagonistic effects through the gut microbiota, using model mice and post-mortem human brains with Alzheimer's. To study the potential impact of a “chemical cocktail” (arsenic, cadmium, mercury, flumequine, and diclofenac) on the brain and testicular metabolome of mice and its possible connection with the gut microbiota, as well as selenium supplementation, we applied an “untargeted” metabolomic platform combining the analytical techniques gas chromatography couple to ion-trap mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF). Metallomic studies in post-mortem human brains with Alzheimer were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole (ICP-QQQ-MS) after mineralization of the samples with a microwave oven. Meta-taxonomic studies to determine the microbiota profiles were carried out by 16S rRNA gene sequencing by the platform MiSeq-Illumina. Our results showed numerous evidences of the key interaction between selenium intake, microbiota and brain metabolites, having potential effects on health at multiple levels, including the gut-brain axis and reproductive health, despite being affected by the contaminants. Moreover, we observed higher levels of certain metals and lower levels of others, associated with different Braak stages compared to the control group and associated with different brain areas. We conclude that the application of metabolomic methodologies based on the combination of GC-MS and UHPLC-QTOF-MS allowed determining a wide coverage of metabolites of different nature in brain and testicular tissue samples of mice exposed to the chemical cocktail and supplemented with selenium. Also, optimized multielement analysis in post-mortem brain tissue samples based on ICP-QQQ-MS allowed determining the metallome of patients with different Braak stages of Alzheimer's and in different regions of the human brain.














