Identificação de variáveis preditivas para o desenvolvimento de perturbações do comportamento alimentar : um estudo em população portuguesa
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Abstract
Los trastornos alimentarios son trastornos psicopatológicos graves
caracterizadas por profundos cambios en el patrón de alimentación normal y
repercusiones psicológicas agudas experimentadas por el sujeto y su familia
(Sampaio, 2002). Son enfermedades de etiología multifactorial y los factores
individuales por sí solos no explican el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Aunque con
poca expresión en la población portuguesa, es todavía importante identificar los
síntomas en las edades lo más temprano posible, una vez que un porcentaje
significativo de personas a pesar de no cumplir con todos los criterios, presenta
síntomas con diferentes implicaciones. Por otra parte, la enfermedad puede
ocultarse por mucho tiempo, como un comportamiento socialmente aceptado, pero
que puede conducir a enfermedades graves y con consecuencias para el sujeto. La
infancia y adolescencia, mientras que fases de cambios intensos y rápidos en los
distintos niveles, incluyendo el del cuerpo, pueden estar constituidos como un
período particular para el riesgo de desarrollo de trastornos alimentarios. Por otra
lado, la edad de aparición de la enfermedad en la adolescencia es referido como un
buen factor pronóstico (Lawrence, Salsa & Mendes, 2006) Objetivo: Este estudio
tuvo como objetivo identificar en una muestra de niños y adolescentes en
establecimientos educativos portugueses, variables predictivas de desarrollo de
trastornos alimentarios, con el fin de entender cómo los distintos factores pueden
contribuir al desarrollo de estos trastornos mediante la exploración y la inter relación
e inter influencia entre los individuos, la familia y las variables sociales. También fue
objetivo, analizar comparativamente las respuestas obtenidas por la muestra de
niños y adolescentes y las respuestas de una muestra de madres en relación con la
satisfacción de éstos con la imagen corporal real percibido de sus hijos, así como la
imagen deseada. Método: Se tomó una muestra de niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos (n = 1434) de diferentes establecimientos educativos portugueses de los cuales
48,3% (N = 693) del género masculino y 51,7% (N = 741) de género femenino, con
edades entre los 10 y 16 años, mediante el uso de un protocolo de investigación que
se compone de instrumentos para ia identificación de variables de riesgo, incluyendo
sociocultural y familiares (modelos sociales y influencia de la, imagen corporal
medios percibidos por la madre, el apoyo social y e! apoyo social percibido por el
individuo) y las condiciones psicológicas individuales (perfeccionismo, la imagen
corporal, la insatisfacción corporal y la distorsión de la imagen corporal y auto-
concepto). Las respuestas obtenidas en una muestra de madres se compararon con
las respuestas de sus hijos en relación con la percepción de imagen corporal real, la
imagen deseada y discrepancias entre ellos. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos
en relación con las variables socio-culturales y familiares y las condiciones
psicológicas individuales indican la existencia de la insatisfacción de la imagen
corporal en los niños y adolescentes en la muestra y diferencias entre género, tanto
con relación a la insatisfacción como a la distorción de la imagen corporal. También
fue posible percibir la influencia que parecen tener modelos y medios de
comunicación en edades específicas de nuestra muestra. En relación con el apoyo
social percibido, en general, se observó una baja percepción de apoyo social por
parte de las principales fuentes de apoyo. Por último, la variable perfeccionismo
parece revelar una relación tanto con la realización de las dieta como con síntomas
bulímicos. Conclusiones: Consideramos que los resultados de este estudio,
proporcionan información relevante sobre la población de riesgo que podrían
beneficiarse de programas de intervención específicos para este problema, en la
medida que se identificaron en nuestra muestra variables consideradas de riesgo
para el desarrollo de alteraciones del comportamiento alimentario.
Eating disorders are serious psychopathological conditions distinguish by profound changes in normal eating patterns and enormous psychological impact experienced by subject and his family (Sampaio, 2002). They are multifactorial causes diseases and the individual factors by themselves do not explain the development of the disorder. Although with little expression in the Portuguese population, it still important to identify symptoms in the earliest ages, for the fact that a significant percentage of individuals that do not met all the criteria, presents symptoms with other different implications. Moreover, the disease can be hided for long periods of time as a socially accepted concern, but it may lead to serious illnesses and with severe consequences for the individual. Childhood and adolescence, as phases of intense and fast changes at various ways including body ones, can be perceived as a special period of risk for the development of eating disorders. On another hand, the onset in adolescence is seen as a good prognostic factor (Lawrence, Salsa & Mendes, 2006) Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify in a sample of children and adolescents in public schools from a Portuguese city, predictive risk factors for eating disorders, with the end of understanding how different factors may underwrite the development of these disorders, by exploring and evaluating the inter influence and the way various individual, family and social variables interact . It was also aim of this study to comparatively analyse responses of children and adolescents and from a sample of mothers regarding the satisfaction of these with their children's real body image perception as well as the desired body image. Method: A total of 1434 children and adolescents from different public schools of a city in southern Portugal, 48,3% (N = 693) girls and 51,7% (N = 741) boys with ages between 10 and 16 years old, by using a research protocol consisting in instruments to identify risk variables, including socio-cultural and family (social models and influence of the media, mother's perceived body image, perceived social support) and individual psychological conditions (perfectionism, body image, body image dissatisfaction, body image distortion and self-concept). The replies obtained were compared with a sample of mothers in relation to their children perceived body image, the desired image and divergences between both. Results: Results obtained in relation to socio-cultural variables, family and individual psychological conditions indicate the existence of dissatisfaction with body image in children and adolescents in the sample and both gender differences in relation to dissatisfaction. Body image distortion was also found. Media influence such as models and publicity were found at specific ages in our sample. With regard to the perceived social support, generally there was a lack of perceived social support for the main sources of support. Finally, perfectionism seems to reveal a relationship with both dieting and bulimic symptoms. Conclusion: We consider that the results of our study provide relevant information about population in which risk was found, that could benefit from specific intervention programs to this problem, as we identified in the sample several variables considered as risk for developing of this disorders.
Eating disorders are serious psychopathological conditions distinguish by profound changes in normal eating patterns and enormous psychological impact experienced by subject and his family (Sampaio, 2002). They are multifactorial causes diseases and the individual factors by themselves do not explain the development of the disorder. Although with little expression in the Portuguese population, it still important to identify symptoms in the earliest ages, for the fact that a significant percentage of individuals that do not met all the criteria, presents symptoms with other different implications. Moreover, the disease can be hided for long periods of time as a socially accepted concern, but it may lead to serious illnesses and with severe consequences for the individual. Childhood and adolescence, as phases of intense and fast changes at various ways including body ones, can be perceived as a special period of risk for the development of eating disorders. On another hand, the onset in adolescence is seen as a good prognostic factor (Lawrence, Salsa & Mendes, 2006) Aims: The purpose of this study was to identify in a sample of children and adolescents in public schools from a Portuguese city, predictive risk factors for eating disorders, with the end of understanding how different factors may underwrite the development of these disorders, by exploring and evaluating the inter influence and the way various individual, family and social variables interact . It was also aim of this study to comparatively analyse responses of children and adolescents and from a sample of mothers regarding the satisfaction of these with their children's real body image perception as well as the desired body image. Method: A total of 1434 children and adolescents from different public schools of a city in southern Portugal, 48,3% (N = 693) girls and 51,7% (N = 741) boys with ages between 10 and 16 years old, by using a research protocol consisting in instruments to identify risk variables, including socio-cultural and family (social models and influence of the media, mother's perceived body image, perceived social support) and individual psychological conditions (perfectionism, body image, body image dissatisfaction, body image distortion and self-concept). The replies obtained were compared with a sample of mothers in relation to their children perceived body image, the desired image and divergences between both. Results: Results obtained in relation to socio-cultural variables, family and individual psychological conditions indicate the existence of dissatisfaction with body image in children and adolescents in the sample and both gender differences in relation to dissatisfaction. Body image distortion was also found. Media influence such as models and publicity were found at specific ages in our sample. With regard to the perceived social support, generally there was a lack of perceived social support for the main sources of support. Finally, perfectionism seems to reveal a relationship with both dieting and bulimic symptoms. Conclusion: We consider that the results of our study provide relevant information about population in which risk was found, that could benefit from specific intervention programs to this problem, as we identified in the sample several variables considered as risk for developing of this disorders.










