Abordaje del duelo migratorio desde la perspectiva enfermera. Nuevos retos en salud
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Abstract
Introducción
La presente tesis doctoral, realizada bajo la modalidad de compendio de publicaciones científicas, profundiza en el abordaje del duelo migratorio y el acompañamiento al sufrimiento y la vulnerabilidad que emergen de este proceso. La migración no es únicamente un cambio geográfico; implica una serie de pérdidas vitales (familiares, culturales, identitarias, sociales y espirituales) que genera un duelo único y complejo. Este fenómeno, lejos de ser un hecho aislado, se ha convertido en un desafío global que interpela directamente a los sistemas sanitarios y, en particular, a la enfermería como disciplina de cuidado. En este sentido, la enfermería se sitúa en un lugar estratégico para acompañar el sufrimiento y
promover la equidad en salud desde la compasión y la competencia cultural.
Objetivo
Conocer las experiencias vividas por las personas migrantes internacionales respecto a su salud relacionada con las condiciones de vulnerabilidad, así como comprender las dificultades percibidas por profesionales sanitarios en el cuidado de pacientes culturalmente diversos, con el propósito de visibilizar necesidades, recursos de afrontamiento y retos para el cuidado enfermero en un contexto multicultural. Metodología La investigación se ha desarrollado en tres fases, teniendo como denominador común la comprensión profunda e identificación de los elementos que intervienen en el duelo migratorio, con el objetivo de poder realizar un abordaje culturalmente competente, así como un acompañamiento al sufrimiento y a la vulnerabilidad que emergen de este proceso. El diseño de investigación busca dar respuesta a los objetivos propuestos a través de la percepción de las experiencias vividas por los actores, incluyendo a personas migrantes indocumentadas, solicitantes de asilo y refugiados, así como profesionales de enfermería que se asumen el desafío de abordar la diversidad cultural en el cuidado. El uso de una metodología mixta, predominantemente cualitativa y complementada con enfoques cuantitativos ha permitido profundizar en la complejidad del duelo migratorio y en las múltiples dimensiones que lo configuran. Con el fin de captar la riqueza de significados en torno a la experiencia
migratoria y las vivencias de sufrimiento, vulnerabilidad y cuidado, se han empleado diseños descriptivos e interpretativos, incluyendo entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y cuestionarios validados. La investigación se ha desarrollado en tres fases de manera que permiten comprender progresivamente el fenómeno del duelo migratorio, explorar su dimensión emocional y abordarla desde el cuidado. La primera fase de investigación analiza la experiencia migratoria como un factor de vulnerabilidad. La segunda fase, profundiza este fenómeno en diferentes colectivos, como son los refugiados y solicitantes de asilo y las personas migrantes indocumentadas, aportando una mirada más específica sobre cómo la migración afecta de forma particular a las mujeres. Por último, la tercera fase se centra en la perspectiva profesional, identificando las dificultades percibidas por enfermeras al cuidar de pacientes culturalmente
diversos en su etapa de máxima vulnerabilidad, al final de la vida. Este estudio aporta una comprensión de los retos de la competencia cultural y del acompañamiento al sufrimiento, cerrando así el recorrido desde la experiencia de las personas migrantes hasta la respuesta profesional en el ámbito sanitario.
Resultados
Los hallazgos obtenidos en esta tesis doctoral permiten comprender el duelo migratorio desde múltiples dimensiones, evidenciando tanto la vulnerabilidad como la resiliencia de las personas migrantes, así como los desafíos que este fenómeno plantea al cuidado profesional en contextos de diversidad cultural. En la primera fase, se exploraron las pérdidas vitales que acompañan la experiencia migratoria: la separación familiar, la ruptura de vínculos sociales y la pérdida de proyectos personales y culturales. Las mujeres participantes evidencian un duelo complejo, que logran integrar mediante la gratitud, la fortaleza personal y la búsqueda de significado en su proyecto migratorio. Los resultados destacan que las estrategias de afrontamiento no sólo protegen su bienestar emocional, sino que también constituyen un recurso para mantener la salud y la capacidad de adaptación en un entorno incierto. A partir de estos hallazgos iniciales, se profundizó en cómo se manifiesta el duelo migratorio en escenarios donde la vulnerabilidad es aún mayor. En esta segunda fase, se analizaron dos realidades específicas: refugiados y solicitantes de asilo, y personas migrantes indocumentadas que viven en asentamientos precarios, desde una perspectiva interseccional y de género. Por un lado, se identificaron emociones intensas asociadas al proceso migratorio, como miedo, tristeza, ansiedad, soledad e incertidumbre, que afectan de manera significativa la salud mental. Al mismo tiempo, emergieron estrategias de afrontamiento y recursos emocionales que contribuyen a la resiliencia, como la esperanza, la búsqueda de redes de apoyo y la reinterpretación positiva de la experiencia migratoria. Este estudio proporciona una visión global del impacto emocional de la migración y subraya la importancia de abordar la salud mental desde un enfoque integral. Por otro lado, se describieron condiciones de vida precarias, exclusión social y barreras de acceso a recursos sanitarios, que incrementan su vulnerabilidad. Las participantes expresaron sentimientos de
invisibilidad y desprotección, así como una profunda preocupación por la salud propia y de sus familias. Este análisis evidencia cómo las desigualdades estructurales y la falta de apoyo institucional potencian el sufrimiento y configuran un grupo especialmente vulnerable dentro del fenómeno migratorio. El conocimiento generado en las fases anteriores evidenció no solo las pérdidas y vulnerabilidades de las personas migrantes, sino también la necesidad de explorar cómo los profesionales de la salud enfrentan este fenómeno en la práctica clínica. Por ello, la tercera fase, se centró en la experiencia de enfermeras que atienden pacientes culturalmente diversos al final de la vida. Se identificaron dificultades en la comunicación, la comprensión de valores y creencias, y la gestión de situaciones emocionalmente intensas. Los profesionales señalaron la necesidad de fortalecer la competencia cultural y contar con
herramientas formativas que les permitan ofrecer un cuidado integral y sensible a la diversidad, evidenciando la brecha existente entre la práctica clínica y las necesidades reales de las personas migrantes.
Conclusión
La experiencia migratoria se configura como un proceso profundamente interseccional, donde género, clase social, cultura, situación administrativa y condiciones de vida se entrelazan moldeando un duelo migratorio único para cada persona. Este duelo afecta simultáneamente a la salud física, emocional, relacional y espiritual, por lo que requiere ser comprendido desde una mirada amplia y humanizada. Especialmente, se evidencia que las mujeres migrantes, especialmente aquellas en situación de indocumentación, residentes en asentamientos o solicitantes de protección internacional, enfrentan riesgos adicionales derivados de desigualdades estructurales, precariedad y exclusión social, lo que las convierte en un grupo particularmente vulnerable. Al mismo tiempo, muestran recursos internos de fortaleza y resiliencia que permiten afrontar el duelo migratorio, manteniendo la esperanza y reconstruyendo proyectos de vida en contextos adversos. Para la enfermería, estos hallazgos subrayan la urgencia de fortalecer la competencia cultural, mejorar las habilidades de comunicación, reconocer el duelo migratorio como un fenómeno clínico y social, y ofrecer un acompañamiento que valore la historia personal, el trasfondo cultural y las condiciones estructurales que influyen en el sufrimiento. En un mundo globalizado, donde las migraciones son un elemento estructural de nuestras sociedades, individualizar el cuidado teniendo en cuenta la cultura no es una opción, sino una responsabilidad ética y profesional. Solo desde una perspectiva culturalmente informada, sensible y compasiva es posible responder a la complejidad del duelo migratorio y a las necesidades reales de quienes lo viven, promoviendo la equidad en salud.
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Introduction This doctoral thesis, presented as a compendium of scientific publications, explores the approach to migratory grief and the accompaniment of suffering and vulnerability arising from this process. Migration is not merely a geographical change; it involves a series of vital losses (familial, cultural, identity-related, social, and spiritual) which generate a unique and complex directly affects healthcare systems and, in particular, nursing as a care discipline. In this sense, nursing is strategically positioned to accompany suffering and promote health equity through compassion and cultural competence. Objective To understand about the experiences of international migrants concerning their health in relation to conditions of vulnerability, as well as to understand the difficulties perceived by healthcare professionals in caring for culturally diverse patients, with the aim of highlighting needs, coping resources and challenges for nursing care in a multicultural context. Methodology The research was carried out in three phases, with the common goal of deeply understanding and identifying the elements involved in migratory grief, in order to provide a culturally competent approach and support for the suffering and vulnerability that emerge from this process. The research design seeks to respond to the proposed objectives through the perception of the experiences lived by the actors, including undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees, as well as nursing professionals who take on the challenge of addressing cultural diversity in care. The use of a mixed methodology, predominantly qualitative and complemented by quantitative approaches, has allowed us to delve deeper into the complexity of migratory grief and the multiple dimensions that shape it. To capture the wealth of meanings surrounding the migratory experience and the experiences of suffering, vulnerability, and care, descriptive, and interpretative designs have been used, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups and validated questionnaires. The research has been carried out in three phases in order to progressively understand the phenomenon of migratory grief, explore its emotional dimension, and address it from the perspective of care. The first phase of the research analyses the migratory experience as a factor of vulnerability. The second phase delves deeper into this phenomenon in different groups, such as refugees and asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants, providing a more specific look at how migration particularly affects women. Finally, the fourth phase focuses on the professional perspective, identifying the difficulties perceived by nurses when caring for culturally diverse patients at their most vulnerable stage, at the end of life. This study provides an understanding of the challenges of cultural competence and accompanying suffering, thus closing the gap between the experience of migrants and the professional response in the healthcare field. Results The findings obtained in this doctoral thesis allow us to understand migratory grief from multiple dimensions, highlighting both the vulnerability and resilience of migrants, as well as the challenges that this phenomenon poses to professional care in contexts of cultural diversity. In the first phase, the vital losses that accompany the migratory experience were explored: family separation, the breakdown of social ties and the loss of personal and cultural projects. The women participants show complex grief, which they manage to integrate through gratitude, personal strength and the search for meaning in their migratory project. The results highlight that coping strategies not only protect their emotional well-being but also constitute a resource for maintaining health and adaptability in an uncertain environment. Based on these initial findings, the second phase, two specific realities were analysed: refugees and asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants living in precarious settlements, from an intersectional and gender perspective. On the one hand, intense emotions associated with the migration process were identified, such as fear, sadness, anxiety, loneliness and uncertainty, which significantly affect mental health. At the same time, coping strategies and emotional resources that contribute to resilience emerged, such as hope, the search for support networks, and the positive reinterpretation of the migration experience. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the emotional impact of migration and highlights the importance of addressing mental health from a holistic approach. On the other hand, precarious living conditions, social exclusion, and barriers to accessing healthcare resources were described, which increase their vulnerability. Participants expressed feelings of invisibility and lack of protection, as well as deep concern for their own health and that of their families. This analysis shows how structural inequalities and lack of institutional support increase suffering and create a particularly vulnerable group within the migration phenomenon. The knowledge generated in the previous phases highlighted not only the losses and vulnerabilities of migrants, but also the need to explore how healthcare professionals deal with this phenomenon in clinical practice. Therefore, the third phase focused on the experience of nurses who care for culturally diverse patients at the end of life. Difficulties were identified in communication, understanding values and beliefs, and managing emotionally intense situations. The professionals pointed out the need to strengthen cultural competence and to have training tools that enable them to offer comprehensive care that is sensitive to diversity, highlighting the gap between clinical practice and the real needs of migrants. Conclusion The migration experience is a deeply intersectional process, where gender, social class, culture, administrative status, and living conditions intertwine to shape a unique migratory grief for each person. This grief simultaneously affects physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual health, and therefore needs to be understood from a broad and humanized perspective. In particular, it is evident that migrant women, especially those who are undocumented, living in settlements, or seeking international protection, face additional risks stemming from structural inequalities, precariousness, and social exclusion, which makes them a particularly vulnerable group. At the same time, they demonstrate internal resources of strength and resilience that enable them to cope with migratory grief, maintaining hope and rebuilding life projects in adverse contexts. For nursing, these findings underscore the urgency of strengthening cultural competence, improving communication skills, recognizing migratory grief as a clinical and social phenomenon, and offering support that values personal history, cultural background, and the structural conditions that influence suffering. In a globalized world, where migration is a structural element of our societies, individualizing care with cultural considerations in mind is not an option, but rather an ethical and professional responsibility. Only from a culturally informed, sensitive, and compassionate perspective is it possible to respond to the complexity of migratory grief and the real needs of those who experience it, promoting equity in health.
Introduction This doctoral thesis, presented as a compendium of scientific publications, explores the approach to migratory grief and the accompaniment of suffering and vulnerability arising from this process. Migration is not merely a geographical change; it involves a series of vital losses (familial, cultural, identity-related, social, and spiritual) which generate a unique and complex directly affects healthcare systems and, in particular, nursing as a care discipline. In this sense, nursing is strategically positioned to accompany suffering and promote health equity through compassion and cultural competence. Objective To understand about the experiences of international migrants concerning their health in relation to conditions of vulnerability, as well as to understand the difficulties perceived by healthcare professionals in caring for culturally diverse patients, with the aim of highlighting needs, coping resources and challenges for nursing care in a multicultural context. Methodology The research was carried out in three phases, with the common goal of deeply understanding and identifying the elements involved in migratory grief, in order to provide a culturally competent approach and support for the suffering and vulnerability that emerge from this process. The research design seeks to respond to the proposed objectives through the perception of the experiences lived by the actors, including undocumented migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees, as well as nursing professionals who take on the challenge of addressing cultural diversity in care. The use of a mixed methodology, predominantly qualitative and complemented by quantitative approaches, has allowed us to delve deeper into the complexity of migratory grief and the multiple dimensions that shape it. To capture the wealth of meanings surrounding the migratory experience and the experiences of suffering, vulnerability, and care, descriptive, and interpretative designs have been used, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups and validated questionnaires. The research has been carried out in three phases in order to progressively understand the phenomenon of migratory grief, explore its emotional dimension, and address it from the perspective of care. The first phase of the research analyses the migratory experience as a factor of vulnerability. The second phase delves deeper into this phenomenon in different groups, such as refugees and asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants, providing a more specific look at how migration particularly affects women. Finally, the fourth phase focuses on the professional perspective, identifying the difficulties perceived by nurses when caring for culturally diverse patients at their most vulnerable stage, at the end of life. This study provides an understanding of the challenges of cultural competence and accompanying suffering, thus closing the gap between the experience of migrants and the professional response in the healthcare field. Results The findings obtained in this doctoral thesis allow us to understand migratory grief from multiple dimensions, highlighting both the vulnerability and resilience of migrants, as well as the challenges that this phenomenon poses to professional care in contexts of cultural diversity. In the first phase, the vital losses that accompany the migratory experience were explored: family separation, the breakdown of social ties and the loss of personal and cultural projects. The women participants show complex grief, which they manage to integrate through gratitude, personal strength and the search for meaning in their migratory project. The results highlight that coping strategies not only protect their emotional well-being but also constitute a resource for maintaining health and adaptability in an uncertain environment. Based on these initial findings, the second phase, two specific realities were analysed: refugees and asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants living in precarious settlements, from an intersectional and gender perspective. On the one hand, intense emotions associated with the migration process were identified, such as fear, sadness, anxiety, loneliness and uncertainty, which significantly affect mental health. At the same time, coping strategies and emotional resources that contribute to resilience emerged, such as hope, the search for support networks, and the positive reinterpretation of the migration experience. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the emotional impact of migration and highlights the importance of addressing mental health from a holistic approach. On the other hand, precarious living conditions, social exclusion, and barriers to accessing healthcare resources were described, which increase their vulnerability. Participants expressed feelings of invisibility and lack of protection, as well as deep concern for their own health and that of their families. This analysis shows how structural inequalities and lack of institutional support increase suffering and create a particularly vulnerable group within the migration phenomenon. The knowledge generated in the previous phases highlighted not only the losses and vulnerabilities of migrants, but also the need to explore how healthcare professionals deal with this phenomenon in clinical practice. Therefore, the third phase focused on the experience of nurses who care for culturally diverse patients at the end of life. Difficulties were identified in communication, understanding values and beliefs, and managing emotionally intense situations. The professionals pointed out the need to strengthen cultural competence and to have training tools that enable them to offer comprehensive care that is sensitive to diversity, highlighting the gap between clinical practice and the real needs of migrants. Conclusion The migration experience is a deeply intersectional process, where gender, social class, culture, administrative status, and living conditions intertwine to shape a unique migratory grief for each person. This grief simultaneously affects physical, emotional, relational, and spiritual health, and therefore needs to be understood from a broad and humanized perspective. In particular, it is evident that migrant women, especially those who are undocumented, living in settlements, or seeking international protection, face additional risks stemming from structural inequalities, precariousness, and social exclusion, which makes them a particularly vulnerable group. At the same time, they demonstrate internal resources of strength and resilience that enable them to cope with migratory grief, maintaining hope and rebuilding life projects in adverse contexts. For nursing, these findings underscore the urgency of strengthening cultural competence, improving communication skills, recognizing migratory grief as a clinical and social phenomenon, and offering support that values personal history, cultural background, and the structural conditions that influence suffering. In a globalized world, where migration is a structural element of our societies, individualizing care with cultural considerations in mind is not an option, but rather an ethical and professional responsibility. Only from a culturally informed, sensitive, and compassionate perspective is it possible to respond to the complexity of migratory grief and the real needs of those who experience it, promoting equity in health.














