Caracterización ambiental de estructuras mineras en la Faja Pirítica Ibérica como soporte metodológico de gestión territorial
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Abstract
La Faja Pirítica Ibérica
(FPI)
es una de las regiones
mineras
más explotadas por el hombre
desde la antigüedad como consecuencia
del interés despertado por sus depósitos de
sulfuros masivos. Esta intensa actividad
extractiva
ha provocado que el elevado número
de
explotacio
nes ubicadas por toda la provincia metalogenética, sean la causa
de la
contaminación por
drenaje ácido de mina
(AMD
en la literatura anglosajona
)
,
que sufren los
ríos que discurren por la Faja. Actualmente, existen multitud de
estructuras mineras
que
constituyen fuentes de contaminación fluvial, aportando al agua grandes cantidades de
á
cido, sulfatos y metales
.
El
objetivo
principal de esta Tesis
es la caracterización ambiental de los diferentes tipos de
estructuras asociadas a las explotaciones de sulfuros existentes en el sector español de la
Faja Pirítica Ibérica. Para ello, se han aplicado una serie de herramie
ntas y técnicas
que
establecen
un soporte metodológico de gestión del territorio
,
para un amplio escenario, aún
por
describir
de forma global.
Con carácter innovador, se ha procedido a la elaboración de cartografías y cuantificación
,
a
nivel de detalle
,
de
todas las estructuras mineras en la FPI, distinguiendo entre escombreras,
cortas, balsas e instalaciones, mediante campaña
s
de campo y apoyo fotogramétrico en
soporte digital.
Por otra parte, s
e ha llevado a cabo la caracterización hidroquímica en medio
generador, a
nivel de cada uno de los grup
os mineros presentes en la FPI, donde las escombreras son la
principal fuente de contaminación.
Así pues
, se ha
efectuado
un muestreo en época de lluvia,
como condición para la producción de lixiviados en todas las
áreas mineras, incluyendo
pequeñas escombreras que únicamente lo hacen durante las precipitaciones.
Igualmente, se
han
analizado los cauces
,
aguas abajo de las explotaciones
,
desde la óptica de su
funcionamiento como medio receptor temporal
. Este muestreo
se ha llevado a efecto
para
las nueve
sub
cuencas vertientes
que se definen en esta Tesis para la parte española de la
FPI, correspondientes a Trimpancho, Malagón, Cobica, Meca, Oraque, Olivargas, Odiel,
Tinto y Guadiamar.
S
e ha evaluado el grado de afecci
ón
globa
l
que presentan los efluentes mineros
asociados a
las escombreras de las diferentes explotaciones.
De este modo
, se ha determinado el nivel
ponderado de afección
en
base al modelo de Grande (2011)
para los parámetros
establecidos según la Directiva
98/83/CE, relativa a la calidad del agua para consumo
humano.
Análogamente, se ha estimado la contamina
ción para los cursos fluviales.
L
os resultados obtenidos
previamente
han servido de base para la definición de un índic
e
que permite
evaluar
la
capacida
d de contaminación
por AMD
de cada grupo minero
(ICAMD)
,
sobre la red fluvial. La definición
de este índice
supone
una de las principales
aportaci
ones
de est
a Tesis Doctoral
, como índice
global
formulado para medios
hídricos
afectados por
AMD. Tras la dete
r
minación de este índice
, s
e ha elaborado un mapa de riesgos que permite la
observación,
para
toda una provincia metalogenética
, del grado potencial
de contaminación
por AMD
de cada explotación sobre la red fluvial. Todo ello, puesto a disposición de
poten
ciales usuarios, como una herramienta de fácil acceso e interpretación para la gestión
del territorio.
En resumen, la Faja Pirítica Ibérica ha sufrido una fuerte transformación del territorio por la
intensa y prolongada actividad minera que se ha desarroll
ado a lo largo de la historia,
mostrando más de 4.800 hectáreas afectadas por las
88
explotaciones
inventariadas
y sus
diferentes labores. Las escombreras provocan la principal afección de la región, suponiendo
aproximadamente el 60% del terreno degradado,
seguidas de balsas y cortas,
respectivamente, y en menor medida, de las instalaciones mineras.
A nivel de cuenca, los ríos Odiel y Tinto presentan las mayores superficies ocupadas por
escombreras en la FPI
, correspondientes a
l 50% para las pertenecientes
a la cuenca del río
Odiel, y al 32% a la del Tinto
, sin contabilizar las asociadas a las minas activas Cobre las
Cruces y Aguas Teñidas, que no provocan contaminación por AMD en el
medio hídrico, ya
que se encuentran en explotación y cumpliendo la normati
va en vigor de vertidos a cauces
públicos
. De la misma forma, las cuencas de ambos ríos, reciben las mayores cantidades de
aportes contaminantes en la FPI.
Del
procedimiento empleado
en relación con
el nivel de contaminación
,
se extrae que todos
los lixivi
ados mineros muestreados presentan un
elevado
grado de afección global
, en
ocasiones amortiguado por la época de muestreo correspondiente a un periodo lluvioso para
poder evaluar todas las estructuras. L
os
metales
que
más frecuentemente exceden los
valores
permitidos por la legislación son hierro y cadmio, en el 98% de los casos.
Los
cauces más afectados, son Trimpancho, Cobica, Meca, Odiel y Tinto.
La descripción del índice de capacidad de contaminación por AMD, junto con el mapa de
riesgos
elaborado, per
mite visualizar có
mo la red fluvial de la FPI está afectada desde
el
comienzo de su recorrido, de Norte a Sur, y recog
e
las emisiones de numerosas minas
cuyas escombreras
generan extraordinarios niveles de contaminación por AMD que
conforman un escenario ú
nico a nivel global
.
La información obtenida en este estudio será de utilidad para futuros proyectos mineros
en
la FPI
, en un contexto de especial interés
,
ante el carácter estratégico asumido por el cobre
a demanda de los países emergentes. Asimismo, la
metodología aplicada es extrapolable a
cualquier otr
o
área
que sufra
problemas que afecten a la red fluvial asociada no solo a
minería de sulfuros, sino a otros tipos de interacción minería
-
medio ambiente.
The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is one of the most exploited regions in the world since ancient times as a result of the interest produced by its massive sulfide deposits. This intense mining activity throughout the metallogenic province has resulted in the pollution of the fluvial network by acid mine drainage (AMD). Nowadays, there are a multitude of mining structures that constitute sources of aquatic pollution, mobilizing large amounts of acidity, sulfates and metals into the watercourses. The main goal of this thesis is the environmental c haracterization of the different types of mining structures associated with sulfide exploitation in the Spanish sector of the IPB. For this purpose, a diversity of tools and techniques were implemented in order to establish a methodological support for lan d management, applicable to a scenario that is still only partially known. A novel point of this work addresses the detailed mapping and quantification of all mining structures in the IPB, differentiating between waste dumps, open pits, tailing dams and mi ning facilities, by means of field campaigns and digital photogrammetric support. Furthermore, the hydrochemical characterization of AMD - generating sources has also been carried out to each mining group present in the IPB, where waste dumps are the main so urce of contamination. Thus, a sampling campaign was performed in the rainy season. This was a critical condition for the production of leachate in all mining areas, including small dumps where leaching occurs only briefly after rain. Samples were also col lected downstream, in the main watercourse, which represents the global temporary receiving system. Therefore, sampling has been carried out in nine sub - watersheds that were defined under the scope of this work for the Spanish sector of the IPB: Trimpancho , Malagó n, Cobica, Meca, Oraque, Olivargas, Odiel, Tinto, and Guadiamar. First, the contamination level of the leachates produced in each mine waste dump has been assessed. By using the model proposed by Grande (2011), and according to the Council Directiv e 98/83/EC for water quality, weighting values for pollution have been determined. Similarly, the same method was applied to evaluate the contamination degree of the receiving watercourse. Then, the obtained results have provided the basis for the defini tion of an index that assesses each mining group’s capacity to cause contamination by AMD (ICAMD). Such an index represents one of the main contributions of this thesis, as a global index formulated for AMD - affected systems. Subsequently, ICAMD allowed to elaborate a risk map for the entire metallogenic province that reflects the potential degree of fluvial contamination by AMD of each mining group. So, this work has produced easy access and visualization tools for land management, which are made availab le for potential users. Resumen viii In summary, the IPB has undergone a major transformation of the territory by the intense and prolonged mining activity, showing over 4800 hectares of affected land. Almost a hundred of sulfide mines with their persistent structures are responsible for this change. Waste dumps are the main focus of environmental impact, representing approximately 60% of the degraded land, followed by tailings dams, open pits and, finally, mining facilities. At the watershed level, the Odiel and the Ti nto rivers are the largest areas occupied by waste dumps in the IPB. The Odiel watershed contains about 50% of the area occupied by waste dumps, while the Tinto comprises 32%, excluding Cobre las Cruces and Aguas Teñidas. These two mines cause no pollution by AMD as they are in operation and, consequently, forced to comply with current regulations regarding discharges into public channels. Likewise, the watersheds of both rivers receive the highest amounts of contaminant load in the IPB. In what concerns t he level of contamination, all the sampled effluents show signs of strong pollution, occasionally, mitigated by the sampling circumstances, during the rainy period. The metals that most often exceed the levels established by regulations are iron and cadmiu m (98% of cases). Qualitatively, the most affected channels are Trimpancho, Cobica, Meca, Odiel, and Tinto. The description of the index of contamination capacity by AMD along with the risk map allow to visualize how the river network in the IPB is affect ed since the beginning of its watercourses (from north to south), and how it collects leachates from numerous mines whose waste dumps generate extraordinary levels of contamination by AMD, originating an unique scenario in the world. The information obtained in this study will be useful for future mining projects in the IPB, especially in the context of copper demand in emerging countries. Furthermore, the methodology is transferable to any other area with similar problems that are not only associated with sulfide mining but also with other types of mining - environmental interaction.
The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is one of the most exploited regions in the world since ancient times as a result of the interest produced by its massive sulfide deposits. This intense mining activity throughout the metallogenic province has resulted in the pollution of the fluvial network by acid mine drainage (AMD). Nowadays, there are a multitude of mining structures that constitute sources of aquatic pollution, mobilizing large amounts of acidity, sulfates and metals into the watercourses. The main goal of this thesis is the environmental c haracterization of the different types of mining structures associated with sulfide exploitation in the Spanish sector of the IPB. For this purpose, a diversity of tools and techniques were implemented in order to establish a methodological support for lan d management, applicable to a scenario that is still only partially known. A novel point of this work addresses the detailed mapping and quantification of all mining structures in the IPB, differentiating between waste dumps, open pits, tailing dams and mi ning facilities, by means of field campaigns and digital photogrammetric support. Furthermore, the hydrochemical characterization of AMD - generating sources has also been carried out to each mining group present in the IPB, where waste dumps are the main so urce of contamination. Thus, a sampling campaign was performed in the rainy season. This was a critical condition for the production of leachate in all mining areas, including small dumps where leaching occurs only briefly after rain. Samples were also col lected downstream, in the main watercourse, which represents the global temporary receiving system. Therefore, sampling has been carried out in nine sub - watersheds that were defined under the scope of this work for the Spanish sector of the IPB: Trimpancho , Malagó n, Cobica, Meca, Oraque, Olivargas, Odiel, Tinto, and Guadiamar. First, the contamination level of the leachates produced in each mine waste dump has been assessed. By using the model proposed by Grande (2011), and according to the Council Directiv e 98/83/EC for water quality, weighting values for pollution have been determined. Similarly, the same method was applied to evaluate the contamination degree of the receiving watercourse. Then, the obtained results have provided the basis for the defini tion of an index that assesses each mining group’s capacity to cause contamination by AMD (ICAMD). Such an index represents one of the main contributions of this thesis, as a global index formulated for AMD - affected systems. Subsequently, ICAMD allowed to elaborate a risk map for the entire metallogenic province that reflects the potential degree of fluvial contamination by AMD of each mining group. So, this work has produced easy access and visualization tools for land management, which are made availab le for potential users. Resumen viii In summary, the IPB has undergone a major transformation of the territory by the intense and prolonged mining activity, showing over 4800 hectares of affected land. Almost a hundred of sulfide mines with their persistent structures are responsible for this change. Waste dumps are the main focus of environmental impact, representing approximately 60% of the degraded land, followed by tailings dams, open pits and, finally, mining facilities. At the watershed level, the Odiel and the Ti nto rivers are the largest areas occupied by waste dumps in the IPB. The Odiel watershed contains about 50% of the area occupied by waste dumps, while the Tinto comprises 32%, excluding Cobre las Cruces and Aguas Teñidas. These two mines cause no pollution by AMD as they are in operation and, consequently, forced to comply with current regulations regarding discharges into public channels. Likewise, the watersheds of both rivers receive the highest amounts of contaminant load in the IPB. In what concerns t he level of contamination, all the sampled effluents show signs of strong pollution, occasionally, mitigated by the sampling circumstances, during the rainy period. The metals that most often exceed the levels established by regulations are iron and cadmiu m (98% of cases). Qualitatively, the most affected channels are Trimpancho, Cobica, Meca, Odiel, and Tinto. The description of the index of contamination capacity by AMD along with the risk map allow to visualize how the river network in the IPB is affect ed since the beginning of its watercourses (from north to south), and how it collects leachates from numerous mines whose waste dumps generate extraordinary levels of contamination by AMD, originating an unique scenario in the world. The information obtained in this study will be useful for future mining projects in the IPB, especially in the context of copper demand in emerging countries. Furthermore, the methodology is transferable to any other area with similar problems that are not only associated with sulfide mining but also with other types of mining - environmental interaction.













