Condiciones psicosociales de las enfermeras en el desempeño de sus funciones dentro del territorio español
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Abstract
Introducción
Los riesgos laborales han acompañado a los trabajadores a lo largo de la historia. En
ciertas profesiones como es el caso de la de las enfermeras, están expuestas en el ejercicio de
sus funciones a multitud de riesgos y condiciones laborales adversas, como pueden ser la
escasez de personal, las cargas excesivas de trabajo, el trabajo nocturno, los largos turnos de
trabajo, un elevado número de horas trabajadas a la semana, una elevada frecuencia de
rotación entre servicios y una elevada carga psicológica debida al manejo de situaciones de
carácter crítico, entre otras. Todas estas condiciones laborales hacen que el trabajo que
realizan las enfermeras sea particularmente estresante y diverso, en el que coexisten riesgos
de diversa índole donde los factores de riesgo de tipo psicosocial son los más frecuentes que,
si no se toman las medidas oportunas ni existen los recursos laborales adecuados, pueden
generar manifestaciones de desgaste, una pérdida de compromiso laboral y una repercusión
negativa sobre la propia salud del trabajador, especialmente en servicios donde la sobrecarga
laboral es superior, como en el caso de los servicios de Urgencias.
Objetivos
El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el compromiso laboral, los riesgos
psicosociales y el bienestar psicológico de una muestra de enfermeras españolas
pertenecientes a distintas áreas asistenciales, analizando las relaciones existentes entre estas
variables y sus efectos sobre la salud mental de las enfermeras.
Hipótesis
Las enfermeras que sufren sobrecarga laboral excesiva ofrecen niveles altos de
burnout y moderados de compromiso laboral, por lo que aquellas que tienen una percepción
de la salud regular o pésima un tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar síntomas subjetivos de
distrés psicológico. Así mismo, las demandas laborales elevadas aumentan la probabilidad de desgaste
laboral, mientras que la existencia de recursos laborales aumenta el compromiso laboral de las
enfermeras, especialmente en situaciones con una gran sobrecarga laboral como es el caso de
la situación provocada por el SARS-CoV-2.Metodología
Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y de
aproximación cuantitativa. Para su consecución se dividió en 2 fases:
• Fase 1. Descripción e identificación de la evidencia disponible a través de un análisis
bibliográfico.
• Fase 2. Estudio de campo.
Para la primera fase, se realizó un análisis bibliográfico de la evidencia disponible a
través de 3 revisiones sistemáticas.
Para la segunda fase, se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte
transversal y de aproximación cuantitativa, con una muestra de 1704 enfermeras españolas
entre enero de 2019 y enero de 2020, utilizando un cuestionario autoadministrado que contenía
variables sociodemográficas, la versión española del Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire
(CoPsoQ-istas21) para la evaluación de riesgos psicosociales, la Utrecht Work Engagement
Scale (UWES-9) para analizar el compromiso laboral y el General Health Questionnaire (GHQ 12) para hacer un cribado de posibles problemas psiquiátricos no psicóticos de la población
objetivo.
Resultados
Más del 50% de las enfermeras perciben un nivel de riesgo alto en el ejercicio de sus
funciones; salvo en la dimensión Compensaciones, en la que presentaron un nivel medio-alto.
Además, se observó una prevalencia superior en los servicios de Urgencias para las cinco
dimensiones, sobre todo en las dimensiones Exigencias psicológicas y Apoyo social a las
empresas con 80’5% y 79’2% respectivamente. En contraposición, las enfermeras de Atención
Primaria presentaron una menor percepción de riesgo, con respecto al resto de servicios,
siendo la prevalencia inferior al 50% en las dimensiones Trabajo activo y desarrollo de
habilidades (39’3%), Compensaciones (33’1%) y Doble presencia (48’7%) donde se pudo afirmar
que el riesgo es medio-alto.
Por otro lado, más del 75% de las enfermeras de Atención Primaria obtuvieron un
porcentaje promedio de 5 o 6 en todas las subescalas y en el puntaje total para la escala UWES 9. En lo que respecta a las enfermeras de Urgencias, los porcentajes asociados a promedios de
5 o 6 fueron del 57’72% en vigor, 71’14% en dedicación y 62’42% en absorción; mientras que, para
el Resto de áreas los porcentajes fueron 58’46%, 69’61% y 69’81% respectivamente y en ambos
servicios este porcentaje del total fue ligeramente superior al 62%. Concretamente, en todas las
áreas bajo estudio, más del 30% reportó que experimenta estos sentimientos todos los días. Respecto a la evaluación del binestar psicológico, un 41’14% de las enfermeras puntúan
el test GHQ-12 con valores superiores a 3, siendo inferior en el caso de las enfermeras de
Atención Primaria (30’52%), ligeramente superior para las enfermeras de Urgencias (47’65%) y
muy similar en el Resto de áreas (42’98%). En los tres modelos, enfermeras de Atención
Primaria, enfermeras de Urgencias y Resto de áreas, las variables salud percibida y subescala
vigor del test UWES presentaron carácter predictor. La edad fue significativa en los grupos de
enfermeras de Atención Primaria y Resto de áreas; mientras que el sexo y la subescala
dedicación del test UWES únicamente fueron significativas en el último grupo. La subescala
absorción y la escala total del test UWES no fueron significativas en ninguno de los tres
modelos.
Discusión
En este estudio se ha constatado, en una muestra de 1704 enfermeras españolas,
cómo los riesgos psicológicos, el nivel de engagement o el bienestar psicológico presentaron
diferencias significativas entre los diferentes tipos de servicios: Urgencias, Atención Primaria y
resto de áreas.
En lo referente a la evaluación de los riesgos psicosociales, en cuatro de las cinco las
dimensiones (CoPsoQ-istas21: Exigencias psicológicas, Trabajo activo y desarrollo de
habilidades, Apoyo social a las empresas y Doble presencia) predomina una prevalencia con
nivel alto en los tres grupos bajo estudio.
Los niveles de compromiso laboral fueron altos en una cantidad considerable de los
sanitarios bajo estudio, superando puntuaciones medias superiores a 4 sobre 6 en las tres
dimensiones, con más de un 30% de las enfermeras que afirmaron haber experimentado
sentimientos de compromiso laboral a diario.
Según los datos que arroja nuestro estudio, se observa que cuatro de cada diez
profesionales sanitarios pueden presentar deterioro en su salud mental (GHQ>3).
La variabilidad encontrada entre servicios podría ser explicada por ciertas variables que
pueden aumentar la percepción de riesgo como ser mujer joven, tener una percepción de salud
regular o pésima, tener un bajo compromiso laboral y trabajar en servicios con un alto nivel de
estrés como en el caso de los servicios de Urgencias.
Conclusiones
La probabilidad que tiene una enfermera de desarrollar desgaste ocupacional y los
niveles que ofrece de compromiso laboral van a depender de multitud de factores. Entre ellos,
ciertas condiciones laborales como la sobrecarga laboral, el tipo de turno, el tipo de servicio,
entre otros; y la presencia o no de ciertos recursos personales, situacionales y organizacionales como el capital psicológico del individuo, la percepción de apoyo social o ciertos valores
personales, pueden ser factores especialmente influyentes. Así mismo, una situación como la
provocada por la COVID-19, afecta a la salud mental de enfermeras en el ejercicio de sus
funciones, especialmente en aquéllas que se encuentran en trabajando en primera línea de
batalla contra el virus, debido al tiempo de trabajo, el miedo de poder contagiarse y contagiar
a seres queridos y/o a pacientes, la preocupación en el control de la epidemia, entre otros.
Por servicios, la mitad de las enfermeras de Atención Primaria experimentaron
sentimientos de compromiso laboral a diario, presentando niveles más altos de compromiso
laboral y más bajos de percepción de riesgos psicosociales que las enfermeras de Urgencias y
del Resto de áreas. Además, 4 de cada 10 enfermeras ofrecieron puntuaciones por encima del
punto de corte para para comenzar a padecer problemas de salud mental, siendo superior en
las enfermeras de Urgencias e inferior en las enfermeras de Atención Primaria.
La implantación de una figura como la Enfermera de Práctica Avanzada (EPA) podría
ofrecer ventajas muy importantes para la mejora del sistema sanitario público, tanto en
términos de costo-eficiencia como en términos de mejora de la accesibilidad y la calidad de los
servicios prestados al ciudadano, especialmente en servicios como los Servicios de Urgencias.
Introduction Occupational hazards have accompanied workers throughout history. In certain professions, such as nursing, professionals are exposed to a multitude of adverse risks and working conditions in the exercise of their duties, such as staff shortages, excessive workloads, night shifts, long work shifts, a high number of hours worked per week, a high frequency of rotation between services, and high psychological burden due to the management of critical situations, among others. All these working conditions make the work carried out by nurses particularly stressful and diverse, in which risks of various kinds coexist where psychosocial risk factors are the most frequent and, if appropriate measures are not taken or adequate work resources do not exist, can thus lead to manifestations of exhaustion, loss of work engagement, and a negative impact on the worker's own health, especially in services where work overload is higher, as in the case of emergency services. Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the work engagement, psychosocial risks, and psychological well-being of a sample of Spanish nurses belonging to different areas of care, analysing the relationships between these variables and their effects on the mental health of nurses. Hypothesis Nurses who suffer excessive work overload show high levels of burnout and moderate work engagement, so those who have a mediocre or poor perception of health are at increased risk of developing subjective symptoms of psychological distress. Likewise, high labour demands increase the likelihood of job burnout, while the existence of work resources increases the engagement of nurses, especially in situations with a high work overload such as the situation caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methodology An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative approximation study was carried out. To achieve this, it was divided into 2 phases: • Phase 1. Description and identification of the evidence available through a bibliographic analysis.• Phase 2. Field study. For the first phase, a bibliographic analysis of the available evidence was performed through 3 reviews (one narrative and two systematic). For the second phase, an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative approximation study was carried out on a sample of 1704 Spanish nurses between January 2019 and January 2020, using a self-administered questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables, the Spanish version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (CoPsoQ-istas21) for the assessment of psychosocial risks, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) to analyse work engagement, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to screen potential psychiatric, not psychotic, problems of the target population. Results More than 50% of nurses perceived a high level of risk in the exercise of their duties, except in the Compensations dimension, in which they showed an intermediate-high level. In addition, a higher prevalence was observed in the Emergency Services for the five dimensions, especially in the Psychological requirements and Social support for companies dimensions, with 80’5% and 79’2%, respectively. As opposed, Primary Care nurses had a lower perception of risk as compared to those from other services, with the prevalence being less than 50% in the dimensions: Active work and skills development (39'3%), Compensation (33'1%), and Double Presence (48’7%), where it could be said that the risk is intermediate-high. On the other hand, more than 75% of Primary Care nurses achieved a mean percentage of 5 or 6 in all subscales and in the total score for the UWES-9 scale. For Emergency nurses, the percentages associated with means of 5 or 6 were 57’72% in the Vigour dimension, 71’14% in Dedication, and 62’42% in Absorption. However, for the rest of the areas, the percentages were 58’46%, 69’61%, and 69’81%, respectively, and in both services this percentage of the total was slightly higher than 62%. Specifically, in all areas under study, more than 30% reported experiencing these feelings daily. With regard to the assessment of psychological well-being, 41’14% of nurses scored values above 3 in the GHQ-12 test, being these figures lower for Primary Care nurses (30’52%), slightly higher for Emergency nurses (47’65%), and very similar in the rest of areas (42’98%). In all three models, Primary Care nurses, Emergency nurses, and other areas, the perceived and subscale health variables of the UWES test were predictive. Age was significant in the Primary Care and Other areas nurses groups, while sex and the dedication subscale of the UWES test were only significant in the last group. The absorption subscale and the total scale of the UWES test were not significant in any of the three models.Discussion This study found, in a sample of 1704 Spanish nurses, how psychological risks, the level of engagement, or psychological well-being showed significant differences between the different types of services: Emergency Services, Primary Care, and other areas. With regard to the assessment of psychosocial risks, in four of the five dimensions (CoPsoQ-istas21: Psychological requirements, Active work and skills development, Social support for companies, and Double presence), a prevalence of high level predominates in the three groups under study. Work engagementlevels were high for a considerable number of health workers under study, exceeding mean scores above 4 out of 6 in all three dimensions, with more than 30% of nurses claiming to have experienced feelings of work engagement daily. According to the data presented by our study, it is observed that four out of ten healthcare professionals may have impaired mental health (GHQ>3). The variability found between services could be explained by certain variables that can increase the perception of risk such as being a young woman, having a mediocre or poor perception of health, low work engagement, and being working in services with a high level of stress as in the case of Emergency services. Conclusions A nurse's likelihood of developing job burnout and the levels of work engagement shown will depend on a multitude of factors. These include certain working conditions such as work overload, shift type, type of service, among others, and the presence or not of certain personal, situational and organisational resources such as the psychological skills of the individual, the perception of social support, or certain personal values, that can be particularly influential factors. Likewise, a situation such as that caused by COVID-19 affects the mental health of nurses in the exercise of their functions, especially of those who are working on the front line against the virus, due to working hours, the fear of being able to spread the virus and infect loved ones and/or patients, concern about controlling the epidemic, among others. As for services, half of Primary Care nurses experienced feelings of daily work engagement, presenting higher levels of work engagement and lower perception of psychosocial risks than Emergency nurses and those from other areas. In addition, 4 out of 10 nurses showed above-cut-off scores to develop mental health problems, being higher among Emergency nurses and lower in Primary Care nurses. The implementation of a figure such as the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) could offer very important advantages for improving the public health system, both in terms of cost-efficiency and in terms of improving the accessibility and quality of the services provided to citizens, especially in services such as Emergency ones.
Introduction Occupational hazards have accompanied workers throughout history. In certain professions, such as nursing, professionals are exposed to a multitude of adverse risks and working conditions in the exercise of their duties, such as staff shortages, excessive workloads, night shifts, long work shifts, a high number of hours worked per week, a high frequency of rotation between services, and high psychological burden due to the management of critical situations, among others. All these working conditions make the work carried out by nurses particularly stressful and diverse, in which risks of various kinds coexist where psychosocial risk factors are the most frequent and, if appropriate measures are not taken or adequate work resources do not exist, can thus lead to manifestations of exhaustion, loss of work engagement, and a negative impact on the worker's own health, especially in services where work overload is higher, as in the case of emergency services. Objectives The objective of this study was to describe the work engagement, psychosocial risks, and psychological well-being of a sample of Spanish nurses belonging to different areas of care, analysing the relationships between these variables and their effects on the mental health of nurses. Hypothesis Nurses who suffer excessive work overload show high levels of burnout and moderate work engagement, so those who have a mediocre or poor perception of health are at increased risk of developing subjective symptoms of psychological distress. Likewise, high labour demands increase the likelihood of job burnout, while the existence of work resources increases the engagement of nurses, especially in situations with a high work overload such as the situation caused by SARS-CoV-2. Methodology An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative approximation study was carried out. To achieve this, it was divided into 2 phases: • Phase 1. Description and identification of the evidence available through a bibliographic analysis.• Phase 2. Field study. For the first phase, a bibliographic analysis of the available evidence was performed through 3 reviews (one narrative and two systematic). For the second phase, an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative approximation study was carried out on a sample of 1704 Spanish nurses between January 2019 and January 2020, using a self-administered questionnaire containing sociodemographic variables, the Spanish version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (CoPsoQ-istas21) for the assessment of psychosocial risks, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) to analyse work engagement, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to screen potential psychiatric, not psychotic, problems of the target population. Results More than 50% of nurses perceived a high level of risk in the exercise of their duties, except in the Compensations dimension, in which they showed an intermediate-high level. In addition, a higher prevalence was observed in the Emergency Services for the five dimensions, especially in the Psychological requirements and Social support for companies dimensions, with 80’5% and 79’2%, respectively. As opposed, Primary Care nurses had a lower perception of risk as compared to those from other services, with the prevalence being less than 50% in the dimensions: Active work and skills development (39'3%), Compensation (33'1%), and Double Presence (48’7%), where it could be said that the risk is intermediate-high. On the other hand, more than 75% of Primary Care nurses achieved a mean percentage of 5 or 6 in all subscales and in the total score for the UWES-9 scale. For Emergency nurses, the percentages associated with means of 5 or 6 were 57’72% in the Vigour dimension, 71’14% in Dedication, and 62’42% in Absorption. However, for the rest of the areas, the percentages were 58’46%, 69’61%, and 69’81%, respectively, and in both services this percentage of the total was slightly higher than 62%. Specifically, in all areas under study, more than 30% reported experiencing these feelings daily. With regard to the assessment of psychological well-being, 41’14% of nurses scored values above 3 in the GHQ-12 test, being these figures lower for Primary Care nurses (30’52%), slightly higher for Emergency nurses (47’65%), and very similar in the rest of areas (42’98%). In all three models, Primary Care nurses, Emergency nurses, and other areas, the perceived and subscale health variables of the UWES test were predictive. Age was significant in the Primary Care and Other areas nurses groups, while sex and the dedication subscale of the UWES test were only significant in the last group. The absorption subscale and the total scale of the UWES test were not significant in any of the three models.Discussion This study found, in a sample of 1704 Spanish nurses, how psychological risks, the level of engagement, or psychological well-being showed significant differences between the different types of services: Emergency Services, Primary Care, and other areas. With regard to the assessment of psychosocial risks, in four of the five dimensions (CoPsoQ-istas21: Psychological requirements, Active work and skills development, Social support for companies, and Double presence), a prevalence of high level predominates in the three groups under study. Work engagementlevels were high for a considerable number of health workers under study, exceeding mean scores above 4 out of 6 in all three dimensions, with more than 30% of nurses claiming to have experienced feelings of work engagement daily. According to the data presented by our study, it is observed that four out of ten healthcare professionals may have impaired mental health (GHQ>3). The variability found between services could be explained by certain variables that can increase the perception of risk such as being a young woman, having a mediocre or poor perception of health, low work engagement, and being working in services with a high level of stress as in the case of Emergency services. Conclusions A nurse's likelihood of developing job burnout and the levels of work engagement shown will depend on a multitude of factors. These include certain working conditions such as work overload, shift type, type of service, among others, and the presence or not of certain personal, situational and organisational resources such as the psychological skills of the individual, the perception of social support, or certain personal values, that can be particularly influential factors. Likewise, a situation such as that caused by COVID-19 affects the mental health of nurses in the exercise of their functions, especially of those who are working on the front line against the virus, due to working hours, the fear of being able to spread the virus and infect loved ones and/or patients, concern about controlling the epidemic, among others. As for services, half of Primary Care nurses experienced feelings of daily work engagement, presenting higher levels of work engagement and lower perception of psychosocial risks than Emergency nurses and those from other areas. In addition, 4 out of 10 nurses showed above-cut-off scores to develop mental health problems, being higher among Emergency nurses and lower in Primary Care nurses. The implementation of a figure such as the Advanced Practice Nurse (APN) could offer very important advantages for improving the public health system, both in terms of cost-efficiency and in terms of improving the accessibility and quality of the services provided to citizens, especially in services such as Emergency ones.














