Marine carotenoids: biological functions and commercial applications

Abstract

Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms and fungi. Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. Light capture, photosynthesis photoprotection, excess light dissipation and quenching of singlet oxygen are among key biological functions of carotenoids relevant for life on earth. Biological properties of carotenoids allow for wide range of commercial applications. Indeed, recent interest in the carotenoids has been mainly for their nutraceutical properties. Large number of scientific studies has confirmed the benefits of carotenoids to health and their use for this purpose is growing rapidly. In addition to that, traditionally carotenoids have been used in food and animal feed for their colour properties. Carotenoids are also known to improve consumer perception of quality; an example is the addition of carotenoids to fish feed to impart colour to farmed salmon.