Data-driven voltage control for dual-mode power regulation in small wind turbines

Abstract

Wind energy is a key renewable resource for sustainable power generation, with small-scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) playing an increasingly important role in distributed generation. This paper presents a novel sensorless, voltage-based power control strategy for small wind turbines equipped with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG), enabling operation in different modes: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) or dynamic power curtailment. The proposed method uses predefined Lookup Table (LUT)- based characterization, mapping wind speed, generator voltage, and power output, allowing real-time selection of the optimal voltage reference depending on the controller's mode. The control is implemented through a cascaded PI-based structure, regulating power delivery by adjusting the generator's electrical load via a DC-DC boost converter. The system supports three modes for variable wind speed: (1) extracting maximum available power (MPPT), (2) maintaining a percentage of power reserve, or (3) regulating active power delivery. This flexibility enables the system to adapt to external demands, whether for grid support or standalone operation. The method is validated through simulation and experimental testing, demonstrating stable operation, fast response to setpoint changes, and scalability to higher power levels. These results confirm the feasibility of integrating small wind turbines into ancillary services, enhancing their role in grid-support applications.