The construction of identities in 21st-century celebrity culture : gender, heteronormativity and postfeminism
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Vivimos en un mundo globalizado en el cual, durante las dos últimas décadas, el creciente impacto del mundo de las celebridades está conectado con el auge de la influencia de los medios de comunicación. Esta tesis doctoral se inserta en este marco de estudio en el cual pretendo examinar el modo en el que la representación mediática de personas famosas refleja la ideología dominante, las prácticas asociadas a la transmisión de sus valores y las relaciones de género arraigadas en la cultura occidental. El corpus de esta investigación está compuesto por cinco celebridades: Miley Cyrus, Nicki Minaj, Ricky Martín, Robbie Williams y Sinéad O'Connor, cuyas edades van de la veintena a la cincuentena, materializando diferentes identidades de género, rasgos étnicos y orientaciones sexuales. El motivo de su selección ha sido el impacto que lian tenido en los medios de comunicación y en la cultura popular, así como que nos permiten cubrir un periodo de tiempo desde finales de los años ochenta hasta la segunda década del siglo veintiuno crucial en este campo de estudio. De este modo, la codificación de la representación a nivel visual y discursivo de estas celebridades incorpora atributos de género, raza, edad, identidad sexual y etnicidad que nos permiten examinar la evolución y los matices de los mecanismos usados para fabricar así como para manejar sus identidades dentro de los discursos ideológicos dominantes. Por consiguiente, se trata de un estudio cualitativo que contribuye a detectar e identificar las técnicas predominantes que intervienen en la construcción de identidades y cuerpos a través de los paradigmas de la teoría queer, el posthumanismo y el análisis del discurso. El enfoque está dirigido a cómo las tecnologías de producir el cuerpo han mutado, lo cual puede ser percibido claramente en la representación de estas celebridades. Además, se pretende demostrar que la heteronormatividad, en conjunción con el binarismo de género y los ideales hegemónicos de feminidad y masculinidad, dominan las simulaciones visuales y discursivas de las celebridades en la actualidad. De igual modo, este estudio va dirigido a reflejar la materialidad dominante del cuerpo normativo como resultado de los mecanismos de producción del cuerpo que operan al servicio de la ideología dominante dentro del mercado capitalista del nuevo milenio. Además, esta tesis ha tenido en cuenta en su análisis la intersección de género, sexualidad y raza como categorías dependientes en la materialización de relaciones jerárquicas en la sociedad, sobre todo con el objetivo prioritario de normalizar las identidades que son consideradas como abyectas. El análisis se basa en datos extraídos de vídeos musicales de estas celebridades, actuaciones, páginas web oficiales, redes sociales y entrevistas para tratar de entender cómo se construyen sus identidades y cómo estos celebridades negocian su formación a través de los medios de comunicación. Es necesario enfatizar asimismo que esta investigación pretende evitar un análisis simplista de la representación de estas personas famosas que sucumba a la lógica binaria. Una vez dicho esto, debemos tener en cuenta que últimamente los medios de comunicación han llevado a cabo una asimilación del discurso neoliberal postfeminista que deriva en la producción de una subjetividad caracterizada por ofrecer la imagen de las mujeres como emprendedoras sexuales que comercializan con su propia sexualidad, la excesiva sexualizacíón de sus cuerpos y un marcado énfasis en dichas anatomías. De hecho, mientras las celebridades femeninas exhiben unas identidades y cuerpos de acuerdo a ideales heteronormativos y postfeministas, las masculinas, por el contrario, emplean técnicas dirigidas a vender representaciones de masculinidad hegemónica. De hecho, como este estudio pone de manifiesto, en el siglo veintiuno la identidad sexual, el género y la raza se han convertido en bienes de consumo. No obstante, e! corpus de esta tesis argumenta que la cantante irlandesa Sinéad O'Connor constituye un modelo de resistencia opuesto a las celebridades cuya identidad es cosifícada, recurriendo a la desexualización como estrategia para socavar la ideología dominante.
We live in a globalised world where the growing phenomenon over the last two decades of celebrity culture has been inextricably connected to the pervasiveness and influence of mass media. In this doctoral thesis on celebrity studies, I examine how the mass-mediated representation of celebrities constitutes mirrors of the workings of ideology, its practices and gender relations. The research corpus is formed by 5 celebrities: Mitey Cyrus, Nicki Minaj, Ricky Martin, Robbie Williams and Sinéad O'Connor, whose ages range from the twenties to the fifties and who embody different genders, ethnicities and sexual orientations. They have been selected for their impact across the media and popular culture, and because, in covering a period from the late 1980s to the second decade of the 21“- century, the encoding of the visual-discursive simulation of these celebrities incorporates attributes of gender, race, age, sexual identity and ethnicity that allow us to examine the evolution and nuances of the mechanisms used to fabricate and mobilise their identities within dominant popular discourse. Hence, this is a qualitative study that contributes to highlighting and identifying the predominant techniques of constructing identities and bodies through the lens of queer and posthuman theories combined with critical discourse analysis by focusing on the ways the technologies of the body have mutated in the close analysis of the enactment of the aforementioned artists. Moreover, it aims to demonstrate that heteronormativity with its gender binaries and the precepts of hegemonic femininity and masculinity control the visual-discursive encoding of today's celebrity. As such, I explore the current materiality of the body derived from the updating of old mechanisms of production in the service of dominant ideology within the 21 “-century capitalist marketplace. This study also problematizes the intersection of gender, sexuality and race that are dependent on each other to materialise hierarchies amongst the individuals, particularly with the objective of normalising non-normative identities. The analysis is based on data extracted from these artists' music videos, performances, official websites, social media and interviews in an attempt to provide a deep, comprehensive analysis of the construction of their identities and h6w they negotiate them in the media. Additionally, this doctoral study is intended to offer an examination of these celebrities that does not succumb to offering a simplistic account of their representation in relation to binary divides, 'fins said, recent years have witnessed a gradual integration of a neoliberal postfeminism into media culture, by constructing a new female subjectivity based on sexual entrepreneurship, over- sexualisation and emphasis on their gendered marked body. This thesis also argues that whereas female celebrities mobilise their identities/bodies incorporating these heterononnative postfeminisl attributes, male celebrities fabricate their identities/bodies by using techniques aimed to market hegemonic masculinity. In other words, this research proves that sexual identity, gender and race have become commodities in the third millennium. Nevertheless, the corpus also includes a musician, the Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor, who is presented as a model of resistance against the fabrication of celebrities as object of consumption and the ubiquitous hyper-sexualisation of women in mainstream popular culture.
We live in a globalised world where the growing phenomenon over the last two decades of celebrity culture has been inextricably connected to the pervasiveness and influence of mass media. In this doctoral thesis on celebrity studies, I examine how the mass-mediated representation of celebrities constitutes mirrors of the workings of ideology, its practices and gender relations. The research corpus is formed by 5 celebrities: Mitey Cyrus, Nicki Minaj, Ricky Martin, Robbie Williams and Sinéad O'Connor, whose ages range from the twenties to the fifties and who embody different genders, ethnicities and sexual orientations. They have been selected for their impact across the media and popular culture, and because, in covering a period from the late 1980s to the second decade of the 21“- century, the encoding of the visual-discursive simulation of these celebrities incorporates attributes of gender, race, age, sexual identity and ethnicity that allow us to examine the evolution and nuances of the mechanisms used to fabricate and mobilise their identities within dominant popular discourse. Hence, this is a qualitative study that contributes to highlighting and identifying the predominant techniques of constructing identities and bodies through the lens of queer and posthuman theories combined with critical discourse analysis by focusing on the ways the technologies of the body have mutated in the close analysis of the enactment of the aforementioned artists. Moreover, it aims to demonstrate that heteronormativity with its gender binaries and the precepts of hegemonic femininity and masculinity control the visual-discursive encoding of today's celebrity. As such, I explore the current materiality of the body derived from the updating of old mechanisms of production in the service of dominant ideology within the 21 “-century capitalist marketplace. This study also problematizes the intersection of gender, sexuality and race that are dependent on each other to materialise hierarchies amongst the individuals, particularly with the objective of normalising non-normative identities. The analysis is based on data extracted from these artists' music videos, performances, official websites, social media and interviews in an attempt to provide a deep, comprehensive analysis of the construction of their identities and h6w they negotiate them in the media. Additionally, this doctoral study is intended to offer an examination of these celebrities that does not succumb to offering a simplistic account of their representation in relation to binary divides, 'fins said, recent years have witnessed a gradual integration of a neoliberal postfeminism into media culture, by constructing a new female subjectivity based on sexual entrepreneurship, over- sexualisation and emphasis on their gendered marked body. This thesis also argues that whereas female celebrities mobilise their identities/bodies incorporating these heterononnative postfeminisl attributes, male celebrities fabricate their identities/bodies by using techniques aimed to market hegemonic masculinity. In other words, this research proves that sexual identity, gender and race have become commodities in the third millennium. Nevertheless, the corpus also includes a musician, the Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor, who is presented as a model of resistance against the fabrication of celebrities as object of consumption and the ubiquitous hyper-sexualisation of women in mainstream popular culture.














