COVID-19: Factores asociados al malestar emocional y morbilidad psíquica en población española
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Abstract
Fundamentos: La emergencia socio-sanitaria provocada
por la COVID-19 puede tener un importante impacto
psicológico en la población. Por este motivo, resulta necesario
identificar los grupos sociales especialmente vulnerables
al impacto de la pandemia y los factores de protección que
pueden reducirlo, lo que constituyó el objetivo de este estudio.
Métodos: Mediante muestreo tipo bola de nieve, 1.596
personas residentes en España durante la cuarentena contestaron
un cuestionario online que incluyó información
sobre variables sociodemográficas, síntomas y contacto
con la enfermedad, percepción del riesgo, conductas para
prevenir el contagio y estrategias para afrontar la cuarentena.
El impacto psicológico se evaluó mediante la Escala de
Impacto de Evento-Revisada (IES-R), y el estado de salud
mental con el Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg
(GHQ-12). Mediante diferentes modelos de regresión lineal
simple se analizó la relación de las variables del estudio
con el impacto psicológico de la pandemia y la salud
mental de los participantes.
Resultados: El 24,7% de los participantes presentó un
impacto psicológico moderado o severo y el 48,8% mostró
deterioro de la salud mental. Las mujeres, los estudiantes
y la población con menor nivel de ingresos económicos,
además de con menos espacio disponible por persona en
la vivienda, presentaron mayor impacto psicológico y peor
salud mental. Convivir con personas de riesgo y prever los
efectos económicos negativos de la crisis socio-sanitaria
elevaron el malestar emocional y la morbilidad psíquica.
Aunque las medidas para prevenir el contagio no se relacionaron
con el impacto psicológico, determinadas estrategias
de afrontamiento sí ayudaron a reducirlo.
Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos perfilan la existencia de
determinados grupos sociales especialmente sensibles al impacto
de la pandemia, y sugieren líneas de acción que ayuden
a reducir las secuelas psicosociales de la COVID-19.
Background: The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population. For this reason, it is necessary to identify especially vulnerable social groups and protective factors that may reduce this impact, which was the objective of this study. Methods: Using snowball sampling approach, 1,596 people residing in Spain during the lockdown answered an online questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic variables, symptoms, and contact with the disease, risk perception, precautionary measures to prevent infection and coping strategies during lockdown. Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 12). Simple linear regression models were performed to analyze the associations between the study variables and the psychological impact of the pandemic and the mental health of the participants Results: Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems. Women, students and the population with a lower level of economic income, in addition to those having less available space per person in the household presented a more significant psychological impact and worse mental health. Living with someone from the highrisk vulnerable group, and anticipating the adverse economic effects of social-health crisis raised the emotional distress and psychological morbidity. Precautionary measures to prevent infection did not present a connection to the psychological impact of the pandemic; however, several coping strategies did help to reduce it. Conclusions: These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.
Background: The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population. For this reason, it is necessary to identify especially vulnerable social groups and protective factors that may reduce this impact, which was the objective of this study. Methods: Using snowball sampling approach, 1,596 people residing in Spain during the lockdown answered an online questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic variables, symptoms, and contact with the disease, risk perception, precautionary measures to prevent infection and coping strategies during lockdown. Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ- 12). Simple linear regression models were performed to analyze the associations between the study variables and the psychological impact of the pandemic and the mental health of the participants Results: Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems. Women, students and the population with a lower level of economic income, in addition to those having less available space per person in the household presented a more significant psychological impact and worse mental health. Living with someone from the highrisk vulnerable group, and anticipating the adverse economic effects of social-health crisis raised the emotional distress and psychological morbidity. Precautionary measures to prevent infection did not present a connection to the psychological impact of the pandemic; however, several coping strategies did help to reduce it. Conclusions: These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.
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Bibliographic citation
Parrado González A, León Jariego J. C. (2020). COVID-19: Factores asociados al malestar emocional y morbilidad psíquica en población española. Revista Española de Salud Pública. 2020; 94: 8 de junio e202006058.











