Competencias enfermeras en el abordaje de la dimensión espiritual del paciente y la familia en el proceso de fin de vida
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Abstract
La enfermedad, el sufrimiento y la cercanía de la muerte son momentos de crisis profundas del ser humano en los
que se hace necesario el abordaje de la necesidad espiritual de la persona, la evaluación de sus recursos y el
acompañamiento integral de la persona por parte de los profesionales que los acompañamos. La finalidad del
profesional que acompaña es permitir el cierre de la biografía de la persona desde la serenidad más profunda. Esta
investigación profundiza en el abordaje del sufrimiento de pacientes durante el proceso final de la vida y sus
familiares, así como el sufrimiento de las personas que lo acompañan: profesionales y alumnos de enfermería.
Objetivo:
Describir las competencias (Conocimiento, Prácticas y Actitudes) de los profesionales de enfermería para el
abordaje y acompañamiento del sufrimiento de los pacientes y familiares que se encuentran durante el proceso
final de la vida, así como la identificación y abordaje del sufrimiento de los profesionales y alumnos que acompañan
durante este proceso.
Metodología
La investigación se ha desarrollado en 4 fases. La primera fase aborda las competencias enfermeras en el abordaje
de las necesidades de pacientes y familiares para el acompañamiento durante el proceso final de la vida. La
segunda fase describe las competencias enfermeras en el acompañamiento espiritual de las personas durante el
proceso final de la vida. La tercera fase aborda las competencias del alumnado de enfermería en el abordaje de
las necesidades espirituales de los pacientes al final de la vida y la cuarta fase identifica el conocimiento y gestión
por parte del alumnado de enfermería del sufrimiento propio y ajeno durante el acompañamiento de las personas
que sufren en el proceso final de la vida. Se han utilizado estrategias metodológicas de carácter cualitativo para
dar respuesta a los objetivos propuestos, así como ofrecer herramientas para el desarrollo efectivo de
competencias en el acompañamiento del sufrimiento propio y ajeno por parte de los profesionales de enfermería
y de los futuros profesionales (alumnado universitario de enfermería).
Resultados
La fase 1 ha identificado las necesidades de pacientes y familiares para sentirse acompañados profesionalmente
durante el proceso final de la vida. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto entre otras la necesidad del
abordaje de la dimensión espiritual por parte de los profesionales que lo acompañan que favorezca la búsqueda de sentido y significado durante el proceso. La identificación de las necesidades espirituales de los pacientes en
situación paliativa y las competencias expresadas por los profesionales para dar respuesta a esta necesidad se han
desarrollado en la fase 2 encontrando como resultados la convergencia de la dimensión espiritual para ambas
poblaciones involucradas en el proceso. La fase 3 presenta los resultados de la percepción de los alumnos de
enfermería sobre las competencias necesarias para el abordaje de la dimensión espiritual de las personas durante
el proceso final de la vida y explorar si esas competencias han sido adquiridas a través de la formación universitaria
recibida, así como la identificación del autoconocimiento del estudiante. Estos resultados evidencian que la
formación en espiritualidad y afrontamiento al final de la vida permite al alumnado identificar las necesidades
espirituales en las personas que viven este proceso, así como dota de herramientas al alumnado para explorar y
cuidar esta dimensión. Por otro lado, también se pone de manifiesto aspectos que favorecen el acompañamiento espiritual como la religión y el respeto de creencias y valores de la persona y la resiliencia y reconciliación de la persona enferma y aspectos como la conspiración de silencio que lo dificultan. Los resultados de la fase 4 profundizan en la identificación del sufrimiento propio del alumnado como situaciones sociales, personales y académicas identificando las prácticas como fuente de sufrimiento por diferencias en la forma de ejercer la profesión y la falta de atención por parte de los tutores.
Conclusiones
Un modelo de atención centrada en la persona, que incluye a la familia como parte integral, responde a las necesidades de pacientes y familiares al final de la vida. Los profesionales que atienden a pacientes paliativos necesitan competencias para un abordaje integral que incluya el acompañamiento emocional y espiritual de la diada paciente-familia. Esta investigación identifica las competencias necesarias para un abordaje humanizado en cuidados paliativos, destacando la importancia de los cuidados espirituales para un cuidado holístico y digno.
Illness, suffering and the proximity of death are moments of profound crisis for human beings in which it is necessary to address the spiritual needs of the person, the evaluation of their resources and the integral accompaniment of the person by the professionals who accompany them. The aim of the accompanying professional is to allow the person's biography to be closed from the deepest serenity. This research delves into the approach to the suffering of patients during the end-of-life process and their relatives, as well as the suffering of the people who accompany them: professionals and nursing students. Objective: To describe the competences (Knowledge, Practices and Attitudes) of nursing professionals for the approach and accompaniment of the suffering of patients and relatives during the end-of-life process, as well as the identification and approach to the suffering of the professionals and students accompanying them during this process. Methodology The research was carried out in 4 phases. The first phase deals with nursing competencies in addressing the needs of patients and relatives for end-of-life support. The second phase describes nursing competencies in the spiritual accompaniment of people during the end-of-life process. The third phase deals with the competences of nursing students in addressing the spiritual needs of patients at the end of life and the fourth phase identifies the knowledge and management by nursing students of their own and others' suffering during the accompaniment of people suffering in the end-of-life process. Methodological strategies of a qualitative nature have been used to respond to the proposed objectives, as well as to offer tools for the effective development of competencies in the accompaniment of self and other people's suffering by nursing professionals and future professionals (university nursing students). Results Phase 1 identified the needs of patients and relatives to feel professionally accompanied during the end-of-life process. The results obtained highlight, among other things, the need for the spiritual dimension to be addressed by the professionals accompanying the patient in order to favour the search for meaning and significance during the process. The identification of the spiritual needs of patients in a palliative situation and the competencies expressed by the professionals to respond to this need were developed in phase 2, finding as results the convergence of the spiritual dimension for both populations involved in the process. Phase 3 presents the results of the nursing students' perception of the competences needed to address the spiritual dimension of people during the end-of-life process and to explore whether these competences have been acquired through the university training received, as well as the identification of the student's self-knowledge. These results show that training in spirituality and coping at the end of life enables students to identify the spiritual needs of people living this process, as well as providing them with the tools to explore and care for this dimension. On the other hand, it also highlights aspects that favour spiritual accompaniment such as religion and respect for the person's beliefs and values and the resilience and reconciliation of the sick person and aspects such as the conspiracy of silence that hinder it. The results of phase 4 delve deeper into the identification of the students' own suffering as social, personal and academic situations, identifying the practices as a source of suffering due to differences in the way of exercising the profession and the lack of attention on the part of the tutors. Conclusions A person-centred model of care, which includes the family as an integral part, responds to the needs of patients and families at the end of life. Professionals caring for palliative patients need competencies for a holistic approach that includes emotional and spiritual accompaniment of the patient-family dyad. This research identifies the competencies needed for a humanised approach in palliative care, highlighting the importance of spiritual care for holistic and dignified care.
Illness, suffering and the proximity of death are moments of profound crisis for human beings in which it is necessary to address the spiritual needs of the person, the evaluation of their resources and the integral accompaniment of the person by the professionals who accompany them. The aim of the accompanying professional is to allow the person's biography to be closed from the deepest serenity. This research delves into the approach to the suffering of patients during the end-of-life process and their relatives, as well as the suffering of the people who accompany them: professionals and nursing students. Objective: To describe the competences (Knowledge, Practices and Attitudes) of nursing professionals for the approach and accompaniment of the suffering of patients and relatives during the end-of-life process, as well as the identification and approach to the suffering of the professionals and students accompanying them during this process. Methodology The research was carried out in 4 phases. The first phase deals with nursing competencies in addressing the needs of patients and relatives for end-of-life support. The second phase describes nursing competencies in the spiritual accompaniment of people during the end-of-life process. The third phase deals with the competences of nursing students in addressing the spiritual needs of patients at the end of life and the fourth phase identifies the knowledge and management by nursing students of their own and others' suffering during the accompaniment of people suffering in the end-of-life process. Methodological strategies of a qualitative nature have been used to respond to the proposed objectives, as well as to offer tools for the effective development of competencies in the accompaniment of self and other people's suffering by nursing professionals and future professionals (university nursing students). Results Phase 1 identified the needs of patients and relatives to feel professionally accompanied during the end-of-life process. The results obtained highlight, among other things, the need for the spiritual dimension to be addressed by the professionals accompanying the patient in order to favour the search for meaning and significance during the process. The identification of the spiritual needs of patients in a palliative situation and the competencies expressed by the professionals to respond to this need were developed in phase 2, finding as results the convergence of the spiritual dimension for both populations involved in the process. Phase 3 presents the results of the nursing students' perception of the competences needed to address the spiritual dimension of people during the end-of-life process and to explore whether these competences have been acquired through the university training received, as well as the identification of the student's self-knowledge. These results show that training in spirituality and coping at the end of life enables students to identify the spiritual needs of people living this process, as well as providing them with the tools to explore and care for this dimension. On the other hand, it also highlights aspects that favour spiritual accompaniment such as religion and respect for the person's beliefs and values and the resilience and reconciliation of the sick person and aspects such as the conspiracy of silence that hinder it. The results of phase 4 delve deeper into the identification of the students' own suffering as social, personal and academic situations, identifying the practices as a source of suffering due to differences in the way of exercising the profession and the lack of attention on the part of the tutors. Conclusions A person-centred model of care, which includes the family as an integral part, responds to the needs of patients and families at the end of life. Professionals caring for palliative patients need competencies for a holistic approach that includes emotional and spiritual accompaniment of the patient-family dyad. This research identifies the competencies needed for a humanised approach in palliative care, highlighting the importance of spiritual care for holistic and dignified care.














