Influence of gestational weight gain on the nutritional status of offspring at birth and at 5 years of age

Abstract

Objective: To determine the influence of pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and increases in maternal weight during pregnancy on perinatal and child outcomes at birth and at 5 years. Research design/setting: A prospective cohort study was conducted between November 2016 and December 2021. The participants were a total of 115 women-child dyads, selected from among pregnant women receiving routine prenatal care in different health centres belonging to 2 health districts. Follow-ups were conducted with the women during pregnancy and with their children during the 10 days after birth and at 5 years. Findings: The total weight gain during pregnancy is influenced by an inadequate pre-pregnancy BMI (0.03; 95 % CI, 0.004 – 0.25; P=.001) and a greater increase in maternal BMI during the first and second term of pregnancy. A greater increase in BMI during pregnancy was associated with higher breastfeeding rates both in the short term (1.21; 95 % CI, 1.01–1.44; P = 0.04) and the long term (12 months: 1.30; 95 % CI, 1.02 – 1.67; P = 0.04; 24 months: 1.30; 95 % CI, 1.02 – 1.69; P = 0.04). No links were found between gains in maternal weight and the weight of the newborn, nor between maternal weight and/or pre-pregnancy BMI with the nutritional status of the child. Key conclusions: After studying these results, it was concluded that promoting and implementing health and education policies focused on enhancing maternal nutritional status is essential to improve the nutritional status of children. Implications for practice: Healthy gestational weight gain (GWG) is an important issue to be addressed by the midwife in primary care, both in the preconception period and throughout pregnancy. As a result, it is important that the midwife is trained and has the appropriate resources and tools to work with pregnant women individually and collectively. In addition to paying attention to overweight and obese pregnant women, the midwife should also pay attention to women with a normal BMI, as they seem to have greater difficulty in maintaining a healthy weight gain. Another line of intervention to be addressed is breastfeeding (BF), where the midwife should be the main point of reference from the beginning of this process, taking into account the relationship between BMI and BF