El papel del ADN fósil en paleoantropología : Foxp2, neandertales y lenguaje
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Abstract
El análisis de ADN fósil puede ser una importante fuente de evidencia en Paleoantropología,
que ayude a arrojar luz sobre la relativa indefinición de varios tipos de evidencias más tradicionales (reconstrucciones
de fósiles, etc.). Sin embargo, es necesaria la cautela, puesto que si la evidencia paleogenética no es
entendida en sus justos términos, las inferencias extraídas a partir de ella podrían ser tan equívocas como las de
tipo más tradicional. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es precisamente sostener la necesidad de prudencia al tratar
de extraer inferencias sobre conducta o cognición a partir del análisis del ADN fósil. El artículo ilustra tal necesidad
discutiendo el reciente descubrimiento de la versión moderna del gen FOXP2 en los Neandertales.
Muchos paleoantropólogos han considerado que ese descubrimiento podría ser la prueba definitiva de que esa
especie tuvo un lenguaje complejo de tipo moderno. Mostramos que no es posible asumir automáticamente
esa inferencia, dado que se basa en una visión simplista y reduccionista, que asume, entre otros muchos
aspectos, que los genes son agentes causales simples, y que existe una relación directa entre genes y rasgos.
Palabras clave: Análisis de ADN fósil. FOXP2. Lenguaje. Neandertales. Problema forma-función.
Fossil DNA analysis may become an important source of evidence in Paleoanthropology, in the sense that it may throw light on the inconclusiveness of more traditional evidence that discipline is concerned with (fossil reconstructions, etc.). However, caution is in order: if paleogenetic evidence is not rightly understood, inferences brought to the fore from it could be as ambiguous as the more traditional body of evidence. Our paper makes the point that prudence is required when trying to draw inferences about behavior or cognition from the fossil DNA analysis. We illustrate such a point by discussing the recent discovery of the modern FOPX2 gene version in Neanderthals. Many paleoanthropologists have taken that discovery to be the definitive proof of the existence of complex language in that species. We will aim at showing that the aforementioned inference cannot be automatically established: it is based on a simplistic and reductionist view, which assumes, among many other aspects, that genes are simple causal agents, and that a direct link does exist between genes and characters.
Fossil DNA analysis may become an important source of evidence in Paleoanthropology, in the sense that it may throw light on the inconclusiveness of more traditional evidence that discipline is concerned with (fossil reconstructions, etc.). However, caution is in order: if paleogenetic evidence is not rightly understood, inferences brought to the fore from it could be as ambiguous as the more traditional body of evidence. Our paper makes the point that prudence is required when trying to draw inferences about behavior or cognition from the fossil DNA analysis. We illustrate such a point by discussing the recent discovery of the modern FOPX2 gene version in Neanderthals. Many paleoanthropologists have taken that discovery to be the definitive proof of the existence of complex language in that species. We will aim at showing that the aforementioned inference cannot be automatically established: it is based on a simplistic and reductionist view, which assumes, among many other aspects, that genes are simple causal agents, and that a direct link does exist between genes and characters.
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Bibliographic citation
Benítez Burraco, A., Longa, V.M.: "El papel del ADN fósil en paleoantropología : Foxp2, neandertales y lenguaje". Zephyrus. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología. Vol. 67, págs. 45-68, (2011). ISSN 0514-7336












