El espacio escolar como ambiente de vida, relación y aprendizaje. Una etnografía participativa con niños y niñas de tres años en tiempos de COVID-19
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Abstract
La Tesis Doctoral abarca el estudio del espacio escolar desde una mirada pedagógica. Gran parte de las escuelas
españolas que albergan actualmente los espacios escolares carecen de conexión con la comunidad educativa,
reflejando un enfoque descontextualizado y anclados en décadas pasadas. Se destaca la necesidad de apostar por
una educación en pro de un enfoque paidocentrista, tomando al alumno en el centro del proceso educativo y
fomentando la espontaneidad, diversidad y atención a sus intereses y necesidades.
Los profesionales de Educación Infantil parecen encontrarse en un terreno de incertidumbres constantes derivadas
de esos últimos problemas sanitarios, principalmente por la pasada pandemia por COVID-19, pero también
económicas, socio-culturales y legislativas que les lleva a tener que combatir diariamente aquellos pensamientos
prototipos para buscar sentido y significatividad pedagógica a sus experiencias. Se sostiene que los espacios
escolares hablan de la metodología que se desarrolla, de la comunicación que se gesta entre sus protagonistas,
de los intereses docentes y de las concepciones sobre la infancia, la escuela y su aprendizaje. Asimismo, estos son
capaces de expresarse a través de un lenguaje simbólico, de colores, recursos, tiempos y relaciones; pues la
conexión que el alumnado establece con el espacio le concede la creación de diferentes ambientes de sensaciones
y de aprendizajes.
La finalidad de esta investigación es analizar, describir e interpretar las posibilidades pedagógicas y uso de los
espacios por parte del equipo directivo y docente de infantil de un Centro Público de Educación Infantil y Primaria
de la provincia de Huelva -Andalucía, España- y, más concretamente, del grupo-clase de tres años junto a su
familia durante el curso escolar 20/21. Se trata de una investigación de corte cualitativo, basada en la etnografía
a partir de un estudio de caso. Las técnicas de investigación son: observación participante y con medios, entrevista
semiestructurada, fotoelicitación, fotovoz -en el caso de la participación del alumnado de 3 años-, análisis de
documentos, conversaciones en grupo y dibujos realizados por los niños. Consecuentemente, los resultados dejan entrever una imagen de infancia pensada desde una ética de superioridad,
con una relación verticalista y un enfoque magistrocentrista que ve al niño como un proyecto de futuro. Por tanto,
la escuela es conceptualizada como una organización planificada y reproductora de una única cultura, con una
tendencia funcionalista que relega lo personal. El espacio escolar se toma a partir de la idea de lugar y estructura
física y, por tanto, desde una perspectiva funcional e instrumental bajo un carácter curricular al ser distribuidos
por áreas educativas. Se atiende a una falsa estrategia por rincones que, en vez de ser considerados como
experiencias educativas, es decir, propios de una estrategia educativa, vienen a complementar y apoyar las
actividades dirigidas. Igualmente, todo ello ha permitido ver que el espacio no supone ser más que un lugar en el que posicionarse, un espacio cómo activador del aprendizaje y favorecedor de la experiencia, es decir, un espacio
de situaciones.
La percepción del espacio por parte de los niños de 3 años se muestra como holística y subjetiva, relacionada con
sus vivencias y experiencias. Se destaca la importancia de repensar la organización y metodología escolar,
proponiendo espacios sensitivos, abiertos e interrelacionados.
En conclusión, la investigación aborda la necesidad de adaptar los espacios escolares a las demandas del siglo XXI,
considerando la participación activa de los niños como co-investigadores. Se propone una reconfiguración de los
espacios hacia ambientes más sensibles y conectados, reconociendo la importancia de repensar el concepto de
acción docente y la concepción del aprendizaje como experiencia.
The Doctoral Thesis covers the study of the school space from a pedagogical standpoint. Many of the Spanish schools that currently house school spaces lack connection with the educational community, reflecting a decontextualised approach and anchored in past decades. The need to focus on education in favour of a childcentred approach is highlighted, encouraging spontaneity, diversity and attention to the interests and needs of the pupils. Early Childhood Education professionals seem to find themselves in a terrain of constant uncertainties arising from socio-cultural, economic and legislative challenges. Moreover, in recent years, from the challenges linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, fighting daily against prototypical thinking with the aim of finding pedagogical significance in their experiences. It is argued that school spaces speak of the methodology that is developed in them, of the communication that takes place among their protagonists, of the interests of teachers and of the conceptions of childhood, school and learning. They are also capable of expressing a symbolic, aesthetic language of resources, times and relationships, as the connection that pupils establish with the space allows them to create different environments of sensations and learning. The purpose of this research is to analyse, describe and interpret the pedagogical possibilities and use of spaces by the management and teaching staff of a state-run nursery school in the province of Huelva - Spain - and, more specifically, of the three-year-old class group during the 20/21 school year. This is a qualitative, ethnographically based research work based on a case study. The research techniques are participant and media observation, semistructured interview, photo elicitation, photo-voice —in the case of the participation of three-year-olds— document analysis, group conversations and drawings made by the children. The results reveal an image of childhood that is conceived through an ethic of superiority, with a top-down relationship and a teacher-centred approach that sees the child as a project for the future. The school is conceptualised as a planned organisation that reproduces a single culture, with a functionalist tendency that relegates the personal. The school space is taken from the idea of place and physical structure and, therefore, from a functional and instrumental perspective under a curricular character when distributed by educational areas. It is a false strategy of corners which, instead of being considered as educational experiences —that is to say, germane to a pedagogical strategy— are used to complement and support the directed activities. Space means nothing more than a place in which to position oneself in front of a space as an activator of learning and an enabler of experience, i.e., a space of situations. The above results contrast with the perception of space by three-year-olds. Children have a more holistic and personal image, related to their own experiences and experiences. The importance of rethinking school organisation and methodology is emphasised, proposing sensory, open and interrelated spaces that enable ownership, a sense of belonging and participation of children, even more so after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research addresses the need to design school spaces in line with 21st century demands, considering the active participation of schoolchildren as co-researchers. A reconfiguration of spaces towards more responsive and connected environments is proposed, recognising the importance of rethinking teaching and learning as a vital experience of childhood.
The Doctoral Thesis covers the study of the school space from a pedagogical standpoint. Many of the Spanish schools that currently house school spaces lack connection with the educational community, reflecting a decontextualised approach and anchored in past decades. The need to focus on education in favour of a childcentred approach is highlighted, encouraging spontaneity, diversity and attention to the interests and needs of the pupils. Early Childhood Education professionals seem to find themselves in a terrain of constant uncertainties arising from socio-cultural, economic and legislative challenges. Moreover, in recent years, from the challenges linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, fighting daily against prototypical thinking with the aim of finding pedagogical significance in their experiences. It is argued that school spaces speak of the methodology that is developed in them, of the communication that takes place among their protagonists, of the interests of teachers and of the conceptions of childhood, school and learning. They are also capable of expressing a symbolic, aesthetic language of resources, times and relationships, as the connection that pupils establish with the space allows them to create different environments of sensations and learning. The purpose of this research is to analyse, describe and interpret the pedagogical possibilities and use of spaces by the management and teaching staff of a state-run nursery school in the province of Huelva - Spain - and, more specifically, of the three-year-old class group during the 20/21 school year. This is a qualitative, ethnographically based research work based on a case study. The research techniques are participant and media observation, semistructured interview, photo elicitation, photo-voice —in the case of the participation of three-year-olds— document analysis, group conversations and drawings made by the children. The results reveal an image of childhood that is conceived through an ethic of superiority, with a top-down relationship and a teacher-centred approach that sees the child as a project for the future. The school is conceptualised as a planned organisation that reproduces a single culture, with a functionalist tendency that relegates the personal. The school space is taken from the idea of place and physical structure and, therefore, from a functional and instrumental perspective under a curricular character when distributed by educational areas. It is a false strategy of corners which, instead of being considered as educational experiences —that is to say, germane to a pedagogical strategy— are used to complement and support the directed activities. Space means nothing more than a place in which to position oneself in front of a space as an activator of learning and an enabler of experience, i.e., a space of situations. The above results contrast with the perception of space by three-year-olds. Children have a more holistic and personal image, related to their own experiences and experiences. The importance of rethinking school organisation and methodology is emphasised, proposing sensory, open and interrelated spaces that enable ownership, a sense of belonging and participation of children, even more so after the COVID-19 pandemic. The research addresses the need to design school spaces in line with 21st century demands, considering the active participation of schoolchildren as co-researchers. A reconfiguration of spaces towards more responsive and connected environments is proposed, recognising the importance of rethinking teaching and learning as a vital experience of childhood.














