La protección del trabajador en los contratos individuales de trabajo internacionales en el marco de la Unión Europea
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Abstract
El presente trabajo de investigación versa sobre la materia relativa a la contratación internacional, más concretamente nos referiremos a los contratos individuales de trabajo internacionales en el marco de la Unión Europea. Para ello hemos abordado distintas perspectivas de estudio basándonos en dos sectores propios del Derecho internacional privado como son el Derecho aplicable y la competencia judicial internacional, puesto que cada uno de los mencionados sectores nos va a solucionar problemas propios que plantean en general las situaciones privadas internacionales y, en particular, las relaciones contractuales que presenten, al menos, un elemento de internacionalidad. Por tanto, nos encontramos ante problemas específicos que sólo plantean este tipo de relaciones jurídico-privadas, siendo tales situaciones el objeto del que se ocupa esta rama de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico estatal como es el Derecho internacional privado, de aquí precisamente deriva su peculiaridad.
Una vez realizada la necesaria contextualización histórica y se haya tratado el marco normativo de la regulación del contrato individual de trabajo en el marco de la UE, el propósito principal del presente trabajo es analizar los problemas de ley aplicable que se plantean en dicha categoría contractual en el ámbito de la UE, siendo, precisamente, el sector del Derecho aplicable, el fundamental en esta rama del Derecho, como es el Derecho Internacional Privado.
El material utilizado para adentrarnos en materia de contratos internacionales consiste en normas de Derecho de la Unión Europea, especialmente dos Reglamentos: por un lado, un instrumento normativo básico lo constituye el Reglamento (CE) núm. 593/2008, de 17 de junio de 2008, sobre la ley aplicable a las obligaciones contractuales. Como su propio nombre indica (aunque también se conoce como Reglamento “Roma I”) esta norma europea es de vital importancia a la hora de resolver uno de los problemas que plantea la contratación internacional, como es el determinar la ley aplicable a esa concreta situación objeto del Derecho internacional privado. Esta problemática nos la resuelve el sector del Derecho aplicable, núcleo fundamental de esta rama del ordenamiento jurídico. Podemos decir que el Reglamento “Roma I” vertebra todo el sistema normativo en torno a la ley aplicable.
Por otro lado, el Reglamento (CE) núm. 1215/2012, de 12 de diciembre del año 2012, relativo a la competencia judicial, el reconocimiento y la ejecución de resoluciones judiciales en materia civil y mercantil. Este instrumento europeo (denominado comúnmente como Reglamento “Bruselas I bis”) es clave a la hora de abordar uno de los problemas que presentan las relaciones jurídico-privadas con, al menos, un elemento de internacionalidad, como es el determinar qué tribunal estatal va a ser competente para conocer de un concreto litigio internacional. En este punto, nos encontramos en el sector de la competencia judicial internacional, centrándonos, al igual que en sede de ley aplicable, en lo concerniente a la existencia de una dualidad de regímenes (general/especial) para, posteriormente ocuparnos del contrato individual de trabajo con elemento extranjero. A lo largo del presente trabajo de investigación se lleva a cabo una labor comparativa entre la regulación del contrato individual de trabajo en sede de ley aplicable y, la regulación de dicha categoría contractual en sede de competencia judicial internacional, así como, las referencias oportunas a otros tipos de categorías contractuales (como, por ejemplo, el contrato internacional de consumo).
Además, abordaremos el estudio de determinadas Directivas de la Unión Europea, sobre todo de carácter sectorial, ocupando un papel destacado la Directiva 96/71/CE, de 16 de diciembre de 1996 y, de la Directiva (UE) 2018/957, de 28 de junio de 2018, (que modifica a la anterior), sobre el desplazamiento de trabajadores efectuado en el marco de una prestación de servicios. Todo ello acompañado de bibliografía y jurisprudencia, así como de bibliografía relativa a esta materia contenida en relevantes revistas especializadas de Derecho Internacional Privado (como es el caso del Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional Privado, Revista Española de Derecho Internacional, Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional, etcétera).
Teniendo como punto de partida el hecho evidente de que no existe un Derecho privado a nivel mundial que pudiera ser aplicado por tribunales internacionales, se hace necesario, como avanzamos anteriormente, abarcar la materia que nos ocupa desde dos perspectivas distintas, así, a esta introducción, le siguen cuatro capítulos adicionales. Y, más en concreto:
En el capítulo 1 a fin de contextualizar la materia que nos ocupa, se realiza un breve recorrido histórico desde la necesidad de la existencia de un Derecho internacional privado europeo hasta la consecución de significativos avances en el ámbito de la cooperación judicial concretamente en materia civil. A este respecto trataremos dos hitos emblemáticos: en primer lugar, la transformación del Convenio de Bruselas de 1968 relativo a la competencia judicial y a la ejecución de resoluciones judiciales en materia civil y mercantil, en el Reglamento (CE) nº 44/2001 y posteriormente, en el Reglamento (CE) nº 1215/2012. Y, en segundo lugar, la conversión del Convenio de Roma de 1980 sobre la ley aplicable a las obligaciones contractuales en el Reglamento (CE) nº 593/2008. Además, se expondrán unas líneas generales acerca del contrato individual de trabajo en los ordenamientos jurídicos de los Estados miembros de la Unión Europea.
El capítulo 2 se destina a realizar un planteamiento general respecto de los problemas de Derecho aplicable en los contratos individuales de trabajo en el marco de la Unión Europea. En este segundo capítulo se analiza lo relativo a la dualidad de regímenes en este sector fundamental del Derecho internacional privado como es el sector del Derecho aplicable. Dicha dualidad de regímenes también existe en sede de competencia judicial internacional, por este motivo se abordará la correlación existente entre forum-ius. A todo ello, debemos añadir una especial referencia al principio inspirador que justifica la existencia de un régimen especial tanto en el ámbito de la ley aplicable como en el ámbito de la competencia judicial internacional en materia de obligaciones contractuales. Precisamente el contrato individual de trabajo con elemento extranjero queda incluido en el régimen especial establecido para cada uno de estos sectores del Derecho internacional privado. En este sentido, entendemos necesaria una labor comparativa forum-ius. Debemos señalar que ambos regímenes (general y especial) se encuadran en el ámbito del Reglamento (CE) nº 593/2008 (Reglamento “Roma I”) y en el ámbito del Reglamento (CE) nº 1215/2012, también conocido como Reglamento “Bruselas I bis”, así como en su inmediato antecesor normativo el Reglamento (CE) nº 44/2001, denominado comúnmente como Reglamento “Bruselas I”.
En el capítulo 3 abordamos un estudio pormenorizado de los distintos criterios de conexión utilizados para la determinación de la ley aplicable de los contratos individuales de trabajo en el marco de la Unión Europea. De tal forma que se explican los diferentes criterios a tener en cuenta para determinar la ley aplicable (nacional o extranjera) a los contratos internacionales de trabajo, manteniendo en todo momento una correlación forum-ius, lo que nos permite, al igual que en el capítulo anterior, realizar una labor comparativa entre los distintos criterios de conexión existentes en sede de ley aplicable y en sede de competencia judicial internacional pero, esta vez, los relativos al régimen especial, en definitiva, los que afectan al contrato individual de trabajo con elemento extranjero. En este tercer capítulo, además, se analiza en profundidad una cuestión de gran interés como es la intervención de la cláusula de excepción en la categoría contractual que nos ocupa y objeto principal del presente trabajo de investigación.
Para finalizar, en el capítulo 4 se analiza el Derecho europeo material en el ámbito de los contratos individuales de trabajo. En este punto, además de ser analizadas ciertas Directivas europeas, se resuelve el problema de la conciliación del Reglamento “Roma I” con el Derecho europeo material en el ámbito de los contratos individuales de trabajo. Dentro del Derecho europeo material, se resaltará por su indudable relevancia práctica el estudio de la Directiva 96/71/CE sobre el desplazamiento de trabajadores efectuado en el marco de una prestación de servicios, así como, de la Directiva que la modifica, en concreto, la Directiva (UE) 2018/957.
Por último, se establecen algunas conclusiones finales.
The present research work deals with the subject of international contracting, more specifically we will refer to international individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. To this end, we have approached different perspectives of study based on two specific sectors of private international law, namely applicable law and international jurisdiction, since each of the aforementioned sectors will provide us with solutions to the specific problems posed in general by international private situations and, in particular, contractual relations that present, at least, an element of internationality. Therefore, we are faced with specific problems that only arise in this type of private-legal relations, such situations being the object of this branch of our state legal system, Private International Law, which is precisely where its peculiarity derives from. Once the necessary historical contextualisation has been carried out and the normative framework of the regulation of the individual employment contract in the EU framework has been dealt with, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the problems of appicable law that arise in this contractual category in the EU, being, precisely the sector of applicable law, the fundamental sector of this branch of Law, such, as Private International Law. The material used to delve into the subject of international contracts consists of the rules of European Union Law, especially two Regulations: on the one hand, a basic normative instrument is Regulation (EC) nº 593/2008, of 17 June 2008, on the law applicable to contractual obligations. As its name suggests (although it is also known as the "Rome I" Regulation), this European regulation is of vital importance when it comes to resolving one of the problems posed by international contracting, which is to determine the law applicable to the specific situation that is the subject of private international law. This problem is resolved in the area of applicable law, the fundamental core of this branch of the legal system. We can say that the "Rome I" Regulation structures the entire regulatory system around the applicable law. On the other hand, Regulation (EC) nº 1215/2012, of 12 December 2012, on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. This European instrument (commonly referred to as the "Brussels I bis" Regulation) is key to tackling one of the problems presented by private legal relations with at least one element of internationality, namely determining which state court will have jurisdiction to hear a specific international dispute. At this point, we find ourselves in the area of international jurisdiction, focusing, as in the area of applicable law, on the existence of a duality of regimes (general/special) and then dealing with the individual employment contract with a foreign element. Throughout this research work, a comparative work is carried out between the regulation of the individual employment contract in terms of applicable law and the regulation of this contractual category in terms of international jurisdiction, as well as the appropriate references to other types of contractual categories (such as, for example, the international consumer contract). In addition, we will address the study of certain European Union Directives, especially of a sectoral nature, with a prominent role being played by Directive 96/71/EC of 16 December 1996 and Directive (EU) 2018/957 of 28 June 2018 (which amends the previous one) on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. All of this is accompanied by bibliography and case law, as well as bibliography on this subject contained in relevant specialised journals of Private International Law (such as the Spanish Yearbook of Private International Law, Spanish Journal of International Law, Transnational Law Notebooks, etc.). Taking as a starting point the obvious fact that there is no private law at the global level that could be applied by international courts, it is necessary, as previously mentioned, to cover the matter at hand from two different perspectives, so that this introduction is followed by four additional chapters. And, more specifically: 1. In Chapter 1, in order to contextualise the matter at hand, a brief historical overview is given, from the need for the existence of a European private international law to the achievement of significant progress in the field of judicial cooperation, particularly in civil matters. In this respect, we will deal with two emblematic milestones: firstly, the transformation of the 1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters into Regulation (EC) nº 44/2001 and, subsequently, into Regulation (EC) nº 1215/2012. Secondly, the conversion of the 1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations into Regulation (EC) nº 593/2008. In addition, a general outline of the individual employment contract in the legal systems of the EU Member States will be presented. 2. Chapter 2 is devoted to a general approach to the problems of applicable law in individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. This second chapter analyses the duality of regimes in this fundamental sector of private international law, i.e. the applicable law sector. This duality of regimes also exists in the area of international jurisdiction, which is why the correlation between forum-ius will be dealt with. To all this, we must add a special reference to the inspiring principle that justifies the existence of a special regime both in the area of applicable law and in the area of international jurisdiction in matters of contractual obligations. Precisely the individual employment contract with a foreign element is included in the special regime established for each of these sectors of private international law. In this respect, we consider it necessary to make a forum-ius comparison. It should be noted that both regimes (general and special) fall within the scope of Regulation (EC) number 593/2008 ("Rome I" Regulation) and within the scope of Regulation (EC) number 1215/2012, also known as the "Brussels I bis" Regulation, as well as its immediate legislative predecessor Regulation (EC) number 44/2001, commonly known as the "Brussels I" Regulation. 3. In Chapter 3, a detailed study is made of the various connecting criteria used to determine the applicable law of individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. In such a way that the different criteria to be taken into account to determine the applicable law (national or foreign) to international employment contracts are explained, maintaining at all times a forum-ius correlation, which allows us, as in the previous chapter, to carry out a comparative work between the different connection criteria existing in terms of applicable law and in terms of international jurisdiction, but, this time, those relating to the special regime, in short, those affecting the individual employment contract with a foreign element. In this third chapter, moreover, an issue of great interest is analysed in depth, namely the intervention of the exception clause in the contractual category that concerns us and which is the main object of this research work. 4. Finally, Chapter 4 analyses substantive European law in the area of individual employment contracts. In addition to analysing certain European directives, the problem of reconciling the "Rome I" Regulation with substantive European law in the area of individual employment contracts is resolved. Within substantive European law, the study of Directive 96/71/EC on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services and its amending Directive, namely Directive (EU) 2018/957, will be highlighted for its undoubted practical relevance. To end, some final conclusions are drawn.
The present research work deals with the subject of international contracting, more specifically we will refer to international individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. To this end, we have approached different perspectives of study based on two specific sectors of private international law, namely applicable law and international jurisdiction, since each of the aforementioned sectors will provide us with solutions to the specific problems posed in general by international private situations and, in particular, contractual relations that present, at least, an element of internationality. Therefore, we are faced with specific problems that only arise in this type of private-legal relations, such situations being the object of this branch of our state legal system, Private International Law, which is precisely where its peculiarity derives from. Once the necessary historical contextualisation has been carried out and the normative framework of the regulation of the individual employment contract in the EU framework has been dealt with, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the problems of appicable law that arise in this contractual category in the EU, being, precisely the sector of applicable law, the fundamental sector of this branch of Law, such, as Private International Law. The material used to delve into the subject of international contracts consists of the rules of European Union Law, especially two Regulations: on the one hand, a basic normative instrument is Regulation (EC) nº 593/2008, of 17 June 2008, on the law applicable to contractual obligations. As its name suggests (although it is also known as the "Rome I" Regulation), this European regulation is of vital importance when it comes to resolving one of the problems posed by international contracting, which is to determine the law applicable to the specific situation that is the subject of private international law. This problem is resolved in the area of applicable law, the fundamental core of this branch of the legal system. We can say that the "Rome I" Regulation structures the entire regulatory system around the applicable law. On the other hand, Regulation (EC) nº 1215/2012, of 12 December 2012, on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. This European instrument (commonly referred to as the "Brussels I bis" Regulation) is key to tackling one of the problems presented by private legal relations with at least one element of internationality, namely determining which state court will have jurisdiction to hear a specific international dispute. At this point, we find ourselves in the area of international jurisdiction, focusing, as in the area of applicable law, on the existence of a duality of regimes (general/special) and then dealing with the individual employment contract with a foreign element. Throughout this research work, a comparative work is carried out between the regulation of the individual employment contract in terms of applicable law and the regulation of this contractual category in terms of international jurisdiction, as well as the appropriate references to other types of contractual categories (such as, for example, the international consumer contract). In addition, we will address the study of certain European Union Directives, especially of a sectoral nature, with a prominent role being played by Directive 96/71/EC of 16 December 1996 and Directive (EU) 2018/957 of 28 June 2018 (which amends the previous one) on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services. All of this is accompanied by bibliography and case law, as well as bibliography on this subject contained in relevant specialised journals of Private International Law (such as the Spanish Yearbook of Private International Law, Spanish Journal of International Law, Transnational Law Notebooks, etc.). Taking as a starting point the obvious fact that there is no private law at the global level that could be applied by international courts, it is necessary, as previously mentioned, to cover the matter at hand from two different perspectives, so that this introduction is followed by four additional chapters. And, more specifically: 1. In Chapter 1, in order to contextualise the matter at hand, a brief historical overview is given, from the need for the existence of a European private international law to the achievement of significant progress in the field of judicial cooperation, particularly in civil matters. In this respect, we will deal with two emblematic milestones: firstly, the transformation of the 1968 Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters into Regulation (EC) nº 44/2001 and, subsequently, into Regulation (EC) nº 1215/2012. Secondly, the conversion of the 1980 Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations into Regulation (EC) nº 593/2008. In addition, a general outline of the individual employment contract in the legal systems of the EU Member States will be presented. 2. Chapter 2 is devoted to a general approach to the problems of applicable law in individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. This second chapter analyses the duality of regimes in this fundamental sector of private international law, i.e. the applicable law sector. This duality of regimes also exists in the area of international jurisdiction, which is why the correlation between forum-ius will be dealt with. To all this, we must add a special reference to the inspiring principle that justifies the existence of a special regime both in the area of applicable law and in the area of international jurisdiction in matters of contractual obligations. Precisely the individual employment contract with a foreign element is included in the special regime established for each of these sectors of private international law. In this respect, we consider it necessary to make a forum-ius comparison. It should be noted that both regimes (general and special) fall within the scope of Regulation (EC) number 593/2008 ("Rome I" Regulation) and within the scope of Regulation (EC) number 1215/2012, also known as the "Brussels I bis" Regulation, as well as its immediate legislative predecessor Regulation (EC) number 44/2001, commonly known as the "Brussels I" Regulation. 3. In Chapter 3, a detailed study is made of the various connecting criteria used to determine the applicable law of individual employment contracts within the framework of the European Union. In such a way that the different criteria to be taken into account to determine the applicable law (national or foreign) to international employment contracts are explained, maintaining at all times a forum-ius correlation, which allows us, as in the previous chapter, to carry out a comparative work between the different connection criteria existing in terms of applicable law and in terms of international jurisdiction, but, this time, those relating to the special regime, in short, those affecting the individual employment contract with a foreign element. In this third chapter, moreover, an issue of great interest is analysed in depth, namely the intervention of the exception clause in the contractual category that concerns us and which is the main object of this research work. 4. Finally, Chapter 4 analyses substantive European law in the area of individual employment contracts. In addition to analysing certain European directives, the problem of reconciling the "Rome I" Regulation with substantive European law in the area of individual employment contracts is resolved. Within substantive European law, the study of Directive 96/71/EC on the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services and its amending Directive, namely Directive (EU) 2018/957, will be highlighted for its undoubted practical relevance. To end, some final conclusions are drawn.












