Propiedades interfaciales y equilibrio de fase de promotores/inhibidores de hidratos mediante dinámica molecular
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Abstract
Existe un creciente interés en el estudio de los hidratos de gases debido a sus aplicaciones, no solo
energéticas sino también medioambientales. Las condiciones de estabilidad de estos hidratos
pueden ser ampliamente modificadas mediante aditivos que pueden promover o inhibir la
formación de estos. El tetrahidrofurano (THF) es uno de los promotores de hidratos más ampliamente
conocido y usado. Sin embargo, muy pocos estudios han sido dedicados a la determinación de sus
propiedades termodinámicas, y al estudio de los equilibrios de fases de sus mezclas con el resto de
compuestos que forman el hidrato de gas (agua, H2O, metano, CH4, dióxido de carbono, CO2,. . . ).
En este aspecto, la simulación molecular y los formalismos teóricos pueden proporcionar información
no solo macroscópica sino también microscópica acerca de los equilibrio de fases y las propiedades
interfaciales de las mezclas binarias de THF con H2O, CH4 y CO2.
Como primera aproximación para comprender las propiedades termodinámicas de las mezclas
binarias de THF + CO2 (2), CH4 (2) y + H2O (2), los diagramas de fases a altas presiones de estos
sistemas fueron obtenidos usando la ecuación de estado SAFT-VR (del inglés, Statistical Associating
Fluid Theory-Variable Range). En este trabajo, se estudió el comportamiento termodinámico de estos
sistemas mezcla desde un punto de vista teórico. Las predicciones teóricas obtenidas fueron usadas
como punto de partida en los siguientes trabajos.
También se ha estudiado la capacidad de diferentes modelos de THF, tomados de la literatura, para
determinar sus propiedades interfaciales a través de la simulación directa de la interfase líquido-vapor.
El THF fue modelado utilizando seis modelos moleculares diferentes, tres de ellos basados en la
aproximación de átomos-unidos y los otros tres basados en la aproximación de coarse grained. Uno de
los modelos de átomos-unidos se propuso en este estudio y es una versión rígida y plana del modelo
original TraPPE-UA (del inglés, Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria-United Atoms) de THF
propuesto por Keasler et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 11234 (2012)]. Para los seis modelos de THF
estudiados, se examinaron los perfiles de densidad, las densidades de coexistencia, la anchura interfacial
y la tensión interfacial. Esta versión rígida pudo proporcionar resultados similares al modelo flexible
original al mismo tiempo que proporciona simulaciones más rápidas.
Para validar las predicciones teóricas obtenidas para la mezcla binaria THF+CO2, se ha medido
experimentalmente la tensión interfacial, las densidades de coexistencia y la adsorción de Gibbs relativa
a dos temperaturas (298.15 y 353.15 K) y a varias presiones. Además, se calcularon los perfiles de
densidad aplicando la Teoría del Gradiente Cuadrado. Los resultados experimentales se utilizaron,
junto con las predicciones teóricas obtenidas utilizando SAFT-VR, como punto de partida en el estudio
de la mezcla binaria THF+CO2 utilizando simulación en dinámica molecular. Estas simulaciones se
llevaron a cabo en las mismas condiciones termodinámicas en las que se llevaron a cabo los experimentos.
El THF fue modelado usando la versión original y la versión rígida del modelo TraPPE-UA de THF.
El acuerdo entre los resultados de simulación, utilizando ambos modelos, con los datos experimentales y las predicciones teóricas fue excelente en la mayoría de los casos.
Siguiendo los pasos de los trabajos anteriores, se ha estudiado, de forma experimental y mediante
simulación en dinámica molecular, las propiedades interfaciales y los equilibrios de fases de la mezcla
binaria THF+CH4 a 300 y 370 K a varias presiones. En este estudio, el THF solo se modeló utilizando
el modelo rígido TraPPE-UA, ya que este proporciona resultados igualmente aceptables que el modelo
flexible original de Keasler, pero necesita tiempos menores de simulación. Nuevamente, el acuerdo
entre resultados obtenidos mediante simulación, teoría y experimentos fue excelente en la mayoría de
las condiciones termodinámicas estudiadas. En este punto, es importante mencionar, que antes de este
trabajo, no existían datos experimentales o de simulación para la mezcla binaria THF+CH4.
Por otro lado, la familia de los 1-alcanoles ha sido ampliamente utilizada como inhibidor de hidratos.
Para la mezcla binaria de H2O + 1-alcanol (desde el 1-butanol al 1-heptanol), hemos estudiado las
propiedades interfaciales (perfiles de densidad, densidades de coexistencia y tensiones interfaciales) y los
equilibrios de las fases. Los resultados obtenidos de simulación en dinámica molecular se compararon
con resultados experimentales tomados de la literatura.
There is an increasing interest in the gas hydrates study due to their energetic and environmental applications. The thermodynamic stability conditions of these hydrates can be widely modified using additives which can promote or inhibit their formation. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is one of the most known and used hydrate promoters. However, a very limited number of studies have been devoted to the determination of its thermodynamic properties, and to the study of the phases equilibria of their mixtures with the rest of the compounds which form the gas hydrate (water, H2O, methane, CH4, carbon dioxide, CO2,...). In this aspect, the molecular simulation and the theoretical formalisms are able to proportionate not only macroscopic information, but also microscopic information, about the phases equilibria, and the interfacial properties of the binary mixtures of THF with H2O, CH4, and CO2. As a first approximation to understand the thermodynamic properties of the THF+CO2(2), CH4(2), and + H2O(2) binary mixtures, the high pressures phases diagrams of these systems were obtained using the equation of state SAFT-VR (Statistical Associating Fluid Theory-Variable Range). In this work, the thermodynamic behaviour of these mixture systems was studied from a theoretical point of view. The theoretical predictions obtained were used as a start point in the following works. We have also studied the ability of different THF models, taken from the literature, to determine their interfacial properties through the direct simulation of the vapor-liquid interface. The THF was modeled using six different molecular models, three of them based on the united-atoms approach and the other three based on a coarse-grained approach. One of the united-atoms models was proposed in this study and it is an approximate rigid and planar version of the original TraPPE-UA THF model (Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria-United Atoms) proposed by Keasler et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 11234 (2012)]. For the six studied THF model, we examined the density profiles, the coexistence densities, interfacial thickness and the surface tension in terms of temperature. This rigid version was able to provide similar results as the original flexible model at the same time that it provides faster simulations. In order to validate the theoretical predictions obtained to the THF+CO2 binary mixture, we have measured experimentally the interfacial tension, the coexistence densities and the relative Gibbs adsorption at two temperatures (298.15 and 353.15 K) and at several pressures. In addition, density profiles were calculated applying the Square Gradient Theory. The experimental results were used, together with the theoretical predictions obtained using SAFT-VR, as a start point in the study of the THF+CO2 binary mixture using molecular dynamic simulation. These simulations were carried out at the same thermodynamic conditions at which the experiments were performed. THF was modeled using the original and the rigid version of the TraPPE-UA THF model. The agreement between molecular dynamic simulation results, using both models, with the experimental results and the theoretical predictions were excellent in the majority of the cases. Following the steps of the previous works, we have studied experimentally, and using molecular dynamic simulation, the interfacial properties and the phase equilibria of the binary mixture of THF+CH4 at 300 and 370 K at several pressures. In this study, the THF was only modeled using the rigid TraPPE-UA THF model due to this one provides equally acceptable results than the original flexible Keasler’s model, but it needs lesser simulation times. Again, the agreement between simulation, theoretical and experiment results was excellent in the majority of the thermodynamic studied conditions. At this point, it is important to mention that before this work there were not experimental or simulation results for the THF+CH4 binary mixture. On the other hand, the family of the 1−alkanols has been widely used as hydrate inhibitors. For the H2O+1−alkanol binary mixture (from 1−butanol to 1−heptanol), we have studied the interfacial properties (density profiles, coexistence densities, and interfacial tensions) and the phases equilibria. The results obtained from molecular dynamics simulation were compared with experimental results taken from the literature.
There is an increasing interest in the gas hydrates study due to their energetic and environmental applications. The thermodynamic stability conditions of these hydrates can be widely modified using additives which can promote or inhibit their formation. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is one of the most known and used hydrate promoters. However, a very limited number of studies have been devoted to the determination of its thermodynamic properties, and to the study of the phases equilibria of their mixtures with the rest of the compounds which form the gas hydrate (water, H2O, methane, CH4, carbon dioxide, CO2,...). In this aspect, the molecular simulation and the theoretical formalisms are able to proportionate not only macroscopic information, but also microscopic information, about the phases equilibria, and the interfacial properties of the binary mixtures of THF with H2O, CH4, and CO2. As a first approximation to understand the thermodynamic properties of the THF+CO2(2), CH4(2), and + H2O(2) binary mixtures, the high pressures phases diagrams of these systems were obtained using the equation of state SAFT-VR (Statistical Associating Fluid Theory-Variable Range). In this work, the thermodynamic behaviour of these mixture systems was studied from a theoretical point of view. The theoretical predictions obtained were used as a start point in the following works. We have also studied the ability of different THF models, taken from the literature, to determine their interfacial properties through the direct simulation of the vapor-liquid interface. The THF was modeled using six different molecular models, three of them based on the united-atoms approach and the other three based on a coarse-grained approach. One of the united-atoms models was proposed in this study and it is an approximate rigid and planar version of the original TraPPE-UA THF model (Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria-United Atoms) proposed by Keasler et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 11234 (2012)]. For the six studied THF model, we examined the density profiles, the coexistence densities, interfacial thickness and the surface tension in terms of temperature. This rigid version was able to provide similar results as the original flexible model at the same time that it provides faster simulations. In order to validate the theoretical predictions obtained to the THF+CO2 binary mixture, we have measured experimentally the interfacial tension, the coexistence densities and the relative Gibbs adsorption at two temperatures (298.15 and 353.15 K) and at several pressures. In addition, density profiles were calculated applying the Square Gradient Theory. The experimental results were used, together with the theoretical predictions obtained using SAFT-VR, as a start point in the study of the THF+CO2 binary mixture using molecular dynamic simulation. These simulations were carried out at the same thermodynamic conditions at which the experiments were performed. THF was modeled using the original and the rigid version of the TraPPE-UA THF model. The agreement between molecular dynamic simulation results, using both models, with the experimental results and the theoretical predictions were excellent in the majority of the cases. Following the steps of the previous works, we have studied experimentally, and using molecular dynamic simulation, the interfacial properties and the phase equilibria of the binary mixture of THF+CH4 at 300 and 370 K at several pressures. In this study, the THF was only modeled using the rigid TraPPE-UA THF model due to this one provides equally acceptable results than the original flexible Keasler’s model, but it needs lesser simulation times. Again, the agreement between simulation, theoretical and experiment results was excellent in the majority of the thermodynamic studied conditions. At this point, it is important to mention that before this work there were not experimental or simulation results for the THF+CH4 binary mixture. On the other hand, the family of the 1−alkanols has been widely used as hydrate inhibitors. For the H2O+1−alkanol binary mixture (from 1−butanol to 1−heptanol), we have studied the interfacial properties (density profiles, coexistence densities, and interfacial tensions) and the phases equilibria. The results obtained from molecular dynamics simulation were compared with experimental results taken from the literature.
Keywords
Dinámica molecular; Hidratos de gas; Promotores de hidratos; Inhibidores de hidratos; Dinámica molecular; SAFT-VR; 1-alcanol; Tetrahidrofurano; Metano; Dióxido de carbono; Simulación molecular; Gas hydratee; Hydrate promoter; Hydrate inhibitor; Molecular dynamic; Tetrahydrofuran; Methane; Carbon dioxide; Molecular simulation













