Alteración hidrotermal asociada a los yacimientos de sulfuros masivos de la Faja Pirítica Suribérica
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Abstract
Los depósitos de sulfuros masivos de Masa Valverde y Aznalcóllar-Los Frailes se
localizan en el sector SE de la Faja Pirítica Suribérica (FPS). Estos depósitos se
encuentran encajados en una secuencia vulcanosedimentaria carbonífera
denominada Complejo Vulcanosedimentario (CVS). Más específicamente, ambos
depósitos aparecen a techo de la primera secuencia volcánica félsica, generalmente
referida como V1.
Estos yacimientos tienen una morfología aproximadamente lenticular y se
encuentran sobre una secuencia compleja de rocas alteradas hidrotermalmente. Las
rocas encajantes son pizarras negras que yacen sobre rocas volcanoclásticas y
coherentes de composición dacítica-riolítica. La mineralización consiste
principalmente de pirita con cantidades accesorias de calcopirita, esfalerita, galena,
arsenopirita y pirrotina.
El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar la mineralogía, petrología y geoquímica
del muro de la mineralización, integrando todos los datos disponibles para
distinguir las diferentes zonas de alteración y sus características físico-químicas.
Finalmente, se sugiere un escenario geológico plausible para la génesis de las
mineralizaciones, antes de la deformación Varisca.
Se han identificado tres zonas en base a su mineralogía, textura y características
geoquímicas. La zona más interna se caracteriza por una alteración penetrativa que
ha destruido la mayor parte de las texturas volcánicas originales. En esta zona
prácticamente no quedan minerales relictos. La asociación mineral consiste en
clorita + cuarzo + sericita ± carbonato ± sulfuros. Se caracteriza por un intenso
lavado de álcalis y un aumento en el contenido en Fe y Mg. Esta zona, generalmente
denominada clorítica, está rodeada por otra zona de intensa alteración
caracterizada por sericitización, sulfidización y silicificación, en la que la asociación
mineral más común está compuesta por sericita + clorita ± cuarzo ± sulfuro. En esta
zona el incremento en Fe y pérdida en Mg es menos significativo que en la zona
interior. Por otra parte, existe una alteración periférica caracterizada por presentar
sericitización y albitización con evidencias menores de silicificación.
Geoquímicamente, esta zona se caracteriza por presentar un enriquecimiento en Na
y K en relación a otras zonas. Todas estas facies de alteración se sobreimponen a la
Alteración hidrotermal regional. La distribución de la alteración es
aproximadamente concéntrica y tiene un desarrollo irregular.
Las evidencias isotópicas obtenidas a partir de datos de isótopos de carbono,
oxígeno y deuterio, junto con el estudio de inclusiones fluidas, indican que la
circulación hidrotermal relacionada con la formación de los VMS estuvo dominada
por agua marina en la que progresivamente la temperatura aumentó desde los 200
hasta los 350 °C. En algunos casos, los fluidos podrían haber llegado a su punto de
ebullición.
Los datos disponibles son consistentes con la presencia de un sistema hidrotermal
convectivo propiciado por un ascenso mantélico asociado a un estrechamiento
cortical. Éste habría fundido progresivamente niveles corticales más superficiales
en un ambiente geodinámico extensional/transpresivo. La actividad hidrotermal
queda marcada por un progresivo aumento de temperatura que favoreció los
procesos de lavado y facilitó los procesos de alteración hidrotermal, sostenida a lo
largo de un período de tiempo prolongado. El lixiviado fue particularmente intenso
en las zonas internas del sistema, donde fueron movilizados incluso los elementos
“inmóviles”. En esta zona clorítica, se ha descrito la precipitación de circón
hidrotermal significativamente enriquecido en TRR.
El régimen hidrotermal evolucionó desde un sistema hidrodinámico difuso a uno
focalizado de alta temperatura durante la etapa de alteración hidrotermal más
intensa. Esta evolución provocó un cambio progresivo en la mineralogía y
geoquímica de los VMS, evolucionando desde una mineralización polimetálica a
cuprífera.
The Masa Valverde and Aznalcóllar-Los Frailes massive sulphide deposits are located in the SE sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). The deposits are hosted by a Carboniferous, Volcano-Sedimentary succession named Volcano-Sedimentary Complex (VSC). More specifically, both deposits occur at the top of the first felsic volcanic sequence, generally referred to as V1. Both deposits have a roughly lenticular morphology and overlie complex sequences of hydrothermally altered rocks. The host rocks are black shales, directly overlying volcaniclastic and coherent rocks of dacitic-rhyolitic composition. The mineralization consists mainly of pyrite and accessory amounts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The aim of this study is to characterize the mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the footwall of the mineralization, integrating all the available data in order to distinguish alteration zones and their physicochemical characteristics. We finally suggest a plausible geological scenario for the genesis of the mineralization, prior to the Variscan deformation. Three alteration zones have been identified on the basis of their mineralogical, textural and geochemical characteristics. The innermost zone is characterized by a penetrative alteration that has destroyed most of the original volcanic textures. In this zone there are virtually no relict minerals. The mineral assemblage consists of chlorite + quartz + sericite ± carbonate ± sulphide. It is characterized by an extensive leaching of alkalis and an increase in the content of Fe and Mg. This zone, generally described as chloritic, is surrounded by another intense alteration area characterized by intense sericitization, sulphidation and silicification, in which sericite + chlorite ± quartz ± sulphide constitute the commonest assemblage. Here, both increase in Fe and loss of Mg are less significant than in the inner zone. The outer, peripheral alteration zone is characterized by sericitization and albitization with minor silicification. Geochemically, this zone is characterized by an enrichment in Na and K relative to the other zones. All these alteration facies are superimposed to regional hydrothermal alteration. The distribution thereof is approximately concentric and have an irregular development. Isotopic evidence obtained from carbon, oxygen and deuterium isotopic data, coupled with fluid inclusion study, indicate that the hydrothermal circulation related to the VMS formation was dominated by seawater in which temperature progressively increased from 200 to 350 °C. In cases, fluids could have been reached the boiling point. The available data are consistent with a model of convective hydrothermal circulation triggered by a mantle rise associated with cortical thinning. This would have led to melting of progressively more shallow crustal levels in an extensional/ transpressive geodynamic environment. Hydrothermal activity was marked by a progressive increase in temperature which stimulated leaching processes and triggered hydrothermal alteration, sustained along a protracted time span. Leaching was particularly intense in the inner zone, where even “immobile” elements were mobilized. In these chloritic zones, precipitation of hydrothermal zircon, significantly enriched in REE, has been described in detail. The hydrothermal regime evolved from a predominantly diffuse to focused, high-T hydrodynamic regime during the most intense hydrothermal stage. This evolution caused a progressive change in the VMS mineralogy and chemistry, evolving from polymetallic to cupriferous.
The Masa Valverde and Aznalcóllar-Los Frailes massive sulphide deposits are located in the SE sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB). The deposits are hosted by a Carboniferous, Volcano-Sedimentary succession named Volcano-Sedimentary Complex (VSC). More specifically, both deposits occur at the top of the first felsic volcanic sequence, generally referred to as V1. Both deposits have a roughly lenticular morphology and overlie complex sequences of hydrothermally altered rocks. The host rocks are black shales, directly overlying volcaniclastic and coherent rocks of dacitic-rhyolitic composition. The mineralization consists mainly of pyrite and accessory amounts of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite. The aim of this study is to characterize the mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of the footwall of the mineralization, integrating all the available data in order to distinguish alteration zones and their physicochemical characteristics. We finally suggest a plausible geological scenario for the genesis of the mineralization, prior to the Variscan deformation. Three alteration zones have been identified on the basis of their mineralogical, textural and geochemical characteristics. The innermost zone is characterized by a penetrative alteration that has destroyed most of the original volcanic textures. In this zone there are virtually no relict minerals. The mineral assemblage consists of chlorite + quartz + sericite ± carbonate ± sulphide. It is characterized by an extensive leaching of alkalis and an increase in the content of Fe and Mg. This zone, generally described as chloritic, is surrounded by another intense alteration area characterized by intense sericitization, sulphidation and silicification, in which sericite + chlorite ± quartz ± sulphide constitute the commonest assemblage. Here, both increase in Fe and loss of Mg are less significant than in the inner zone. The outer, peripheral alteration zone is characterized by sericitization and albitization with minor silicification. Geochemically, this zone is characterized by an enrichment in Na and K relative to the other zones. All these alteration facies are superimposed to regional hydrothermal alteration. The distribution thereof is approximately concentric and have an irregular development. Isotopic evidence obtained from carbon, oxygen and deuterium isotopic data, coupled with fluid inclusion study, indicate that the hydrothermal circulation related to the VMS formation was dominated by seawater in which temperature progressively increased from 200 to 350 °C. In cases, fluids could have been reached the boiling point. The available data are consistent with a model of convective hydrothermal circulation triggered by a mantle rise associated with cortical thinning. This would have led to melting of progressively more shallow crustal levels in an extensional/ transpressive geodynamic environment. Hydrothermal activity was marked by a progressive increase in temperature which stimulated leaching processes and triggered hydrothermal alteration, sustained along a protracted time span. Leaching was particularly intense in the inner zone, where even “immobile” elements were mobilized. In these chloritic zones, precipitation of hydrothermal zircon, significantly enriched in REE, has been described in detail. The hydrothermal regime evolved from a predominantly diffuse to focused, high-T hydrodynamic regime during the most intense hydrothermal stage. This evolution caused a progressive change in the VMS mineralogy and chemistry, evolving from polymetallic to cupriferous.











