Modelos de funcionamiento hidrogeoquímico de embalses afectados por AMD en base a indicadores biológicos. Interés y relevancia de las diatomeas en el caso de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica
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Abstract
La construcción de embalses en regiones sometidas a climas áridos es
una técnica habitualmente empleada para almacenar aguas para posterior uso
urbano, agrícola e industrial. En el escenario que nos ocupa, suroeste de España
la precipitación media anual ronda los 650 mm y la ETP los 900 mm, lo que
provoca un balance hídrico negativo que justifica la necesidad de construcción,
control de calidad de las aguas y mantenimiento de estos embalses.
La calidad de estas aguas depende de las características físico-químicas
y biológicas de cada presa, a su vez dependiente de los focos productores de
contaminación presentes en cada cuenca vertiente y de variables climáticas que
influyen además sobre la biota presente en los ecosistemas hídricos y sobre la
propia físico-química de las aguas. En este sentido, la Directiva Marco del Agua,
2000/60/CE define límites y propone el empleo de diatomeas como
bioindicadores del estado ecológico de las aguas superficiales por tratarse de los
indicadores más eficaces.
En el SW peninsular, donde se centra esta Tesis Doctoral, encontramos
más de 80 explotaciones de sulfuros, la mayor parte de ellas abandonadas y sin
medidas de prevención ni corrección por tratarse de minas anteriores a la
entrada en vigor de las normativas ambientales que actualmente imponen
“vertido cero” a las minas de sulfuros. Estas minas abandonadas y clausuradas
muchas hace decenas o miles de años, continúan hoy funcionando como focos
contaminantes al carecer de medidas de prevención. Este hecho conforma un
escenario hídrico singular donde el Drenaje Acido de Mina provocado por la
oxidación de sulfuros para dar sulfatos con liberación de hidrogeniones provoca
la aparición de aguas con extrema acidez que son capaces de disolver los
metales presentes en el entorno.
El resultado final es un lixiviado con valores de pH muy bajo y altísimas
concentraciones de sulfatos y metales pesados disueltos en sus aguas que las
hacen no aptas para otro uso que no sea el minero.
En base a lo anterior, en este trabajo se aborda el estudio físico-químico
y biológico de las aguas presentes en 23 embalses afectados en mayor o menor
medida (dentro de la Faja Pirítica Ibérica), con el fin de identificar las diatomeas
presentes en sus aguas, las variables que definen sus características físicoquímicas
y el clima, modelizando a su vez las interrelaciones entre estos grupos
de variables. Para el logro de los objetivos descritos se ha procedido al muestreo y
análisis de aguas de un total de 23 embalses representativos de la red fluvial que
atraviesa la Faja Pirítica. Se han identificado en cada punto de muestreo
igualmente las especies de diatomeas presentes y se han integrado estos datos,
junto con los climáticos, en matrices compatibles con diferentes software.
La aplicación de herramientas estadísticas y de fuzzy logic de última
generación ha permitido además la clasificación de los embalses de referencia
en función del grado de afección a partir de los bioindicadores, las relaciones de
interdependencia entre riqueza, diversidad de especies pH y metales disueltos,
el contraste de esquemas y propuestas de otros autores para escenarios de
extrema acidez mediante la implementación de tratamiento inicialmente gráfico,
posteriormente estadístico y finalmente mediante lógica borrosa con el empleo
de la herramienta PreFurGe, el rol fundamental del pH como pre-indicador de
tolerancia específica de la biota con indicación precisa de los rangos de
existencia/coexistencia de especies de diatomeas.
Además, queremos destacar que este es el primer trabajo descrito en la
literatura científica sobre los embalses presentes en toda una provincia
metalogenética en un pais.
De esta tesis doctoral han sido publicados diferentes trabajos en revistas
indexadas. Destacamos los siguientes: Valente et al., 2013; Valente et al., 2014; Valente et al., 2016a,b; Rivera et al., 2019; Rivera et al., 2020.
The construction of dams in regions subject to arid climates is a technique commonly used to store water for later urban, agricultural and industrial use. In the study scenario, southwest of Spain, the average annual rainfall is around 600 mm and the ETP around 900 mm, which causes a negative water balance that justifies the need for construction, quality control and maintenance of these reservoirs. The quality of these waters depends on the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of each dam, in turn dependent on the sources of pollution present in each catchment basin and on climatic variables that also influence the biota present in water ecosystems and on the physical-chemical of the water itself. In this sense, the Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EC defines limits and proposes the use of diatoms as bioindicators of surface waters ecological status as it’s said there, “they are the most effective indicators”. In the SW of the peninsula, where this Doctoral Thesis was realized, there are more than 80 sulfide exploitations, most of them abandoned and without prevention or correction measures because they began exploitation prior to the entry into force of the environmental regulations that currently impose "zero discharge" for the sulphide mines. These mines, abandoned and closed hundreds or thousands of years ago, continue to be polluting sources nowadays, due to lack of preventive measures. This fact forms an unique hydric scenario where the Acid Mine Drainage caused by the oxidation of sulphides into sulphates releases hydrogen ions (H+) causing the appearance of waters of extreme acidity that are capable of dissolving the metals present in the environment. The end result is a leachate of very low pH and very high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals dissolved in their waters, that make it unsuitable for any other use than mining. Based on the above, this work addresses the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the waters from 23 reservoirs, affected to a greater or lesser extent within the Iberian Pyrite Belt in order to identify the diatoms present in their waters, the variables that define their physical-chemical characteristics and the climate, in turn modeling the interrelationships between these groups of variables. To achieve the objectives described, the sampling and analysis of water representative of the river network, from a total of 23 dams, crossing the Iberian Pyrite Belt, was done. The diatom species present at each dam were identified and these data was integrated, together with the climatic ones, in compatibles matrices done with different software. The application of fuzzy logic tools allowed the classification of dams accordingly to the pollution degree based on bioindicators, the interdependence relationships between richness, diversity of species, pH and dissolved metals, the contrast with proposals of other authors for similar scenarios first, through the implementation of graphical treatment, followed by traditional statistic and finally through fuzzy logic with the use of the Pre-Fur-Ge tool, the fundamental role of pH as a pre-indicator of biota specific tolerance with a precise indication of existence/coexistence ranges of diatom species. In addition, this work highlights the fact that is the first work in the scientific literature, describing the dams of an entire metallogenetic province in an all country. Different works emerged from this doctoral thesis, published in indexed journals. We highlight the followings: Valente et al., 2013; Valente et al., 2014; Valente et al., 2015; Valente et al., 2016; Rivera et al., 2019; Rivera et al., 2020.
The construction of dams in regions subject to arid climates is a technique commonly used to store water for later urban, agricultural and industrial use. In the study scenario, southwest of Spain, the average annual rainfall is around 600 mm and the ETP around 900 mm, which causes a negative water balance that justifies the need for construction, quality control and maintenance of these reservoirs. The quality of these waters depends on the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of each dam, in turn dependent on the sources of pollution present in each catchment basin and on climatic variables that also influence the biota present in water ecosystems and on the physical-chemical of the water itself. In this sense, the Water Framework Directive, 2000/60/EC defines limits and proposes the use of diatoms as bioindicators of surface waters ecological status as it’s said there, “they are the most effective indicators”. In the SW of the peninsula, where this Doctoral Thesis was realized, there are more than 80 sulfide exploitations, most of them abandoned and without prevention or correction measures because they began exploitation prior to the entry into force of the environmental regulations that currently impose "zero discharge" for the sulphide mines. These mines, abandoned and closed hundreds or thousands of years ago, continue to be polluting sources nowadays, due to lack of preventive measures. This fact forms an unique hydric scenario where the Acid Mine Drainage caused by the oxidation of sulphides into sulphates releases hydrogen ions (H+) causing the appearance of waters of extreme acidity that are capable of dissolving the metals present in the environment. The end result is a leachate of very low pH and very high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals dissolved in their waters, that make it unsuitable for any other use than mining. Based on the above, this work addresses the physical-chemical and biological characteristics of the waters from 23 reservoirs, affected to a greater or lesser extent within the Iberian Pyrite Belt in order to identify the diatoms present in their waters, the variables that define their physical-chemical characteristics and the climate, in turn modeling the interrelationships between these groups of variables. To achieve the objectives described, the sampling and analysis of water representative of the river network, from a total of 23 dams, crossing the Iberian Pyrite Belt, was done. The diatom species present at each dam were identified and these data was integrated, together with the climatic ones, in compatibles matrices done with different software. The application of fuzzy logic tools allowed the classification of dams accordingly to the pollution degree based on bioindicators, the interdependence relationships between richness, diversity of species, pH and dissolved metals, the contrast with proposals of other authors for similar scenarios first, through the implementation of graphical treatment, followed by traditional statistic and finally through fuzzy logic with the use of the Pre-Fur-Ge tool, the fundamental role of pH as a pre-indicator of biota specific tolerance with a precise indication of existence/coexistence ranges of diatom species. In addition, this work highlights the fact that is the first work in the scientific literature, describing the dams of an entire metallogenetic province in an all country. Different works emerged from this doctoral thesis, published in indexed journals. We highlight the followings: Valente et al., 2013; Valente et al., 2014; Valente et al., 2015; Valente et al., 2016; Rivera et al., 2019; Rivera et al., 2020.














