Estudio del acceso a la Educación Superior Pública del Ecuador: una propuesta que potencie el ingreso de los estudiantes a las Instituciones de Educación Superior
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Esta tesis doctoral tiene como propósito analizar el acceso de los estudiantes al Sistema de Educación Superior Público del Ecuador durante los años del 2012 al 2020, con datos proporcionados por la Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior SENESCYT, entidad gubernamental que se hizo cargo del acceso a la educación superior a partir del año 2012. Se realiza una fundamentación teórica que detalla la historia ecuatoriana en el marco del acceso, con una normativa que favorece la calidad, el acceso universal, la gratuidad, la permanencia, la movilidad y el egreso sin discriminación, que se fundamenta en la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior y el Reglamento del Sistema Nacional de Nivelación y Admisión. El acceso es meritocrático a través del examen nacional que determina un porcentaje para el ingreso a una institución de educación superior, porcentaje que ha variado desde el 85% en el año 2012, hasta el 40% en el año 2020, completando el porcentaje con los antecedentes académicos y un puntaje adicional por acciones afirmativas en el caso que corresponda. El enfoque de la investigación es mixto, en la parte cuantitativa se analiza las bases de datos proporcionadas por la SENESCYT y para el análisis cualitativo se diseña una entrevista que se aplica a directivos de la educación superior que han generado política pública en temas de acceso a la educación superior. Los resultados reflejan una tendencia creciente de estudiantes que desean ingresar a una institución de educación superior pública, un promedio anual de 323.047 postulantes que demandan un cupo, con una oferta que apenas cubre el 46.85% de las necesidades de acceso, es decir, 5 de cada 10 estudiantes se quedan fuera del sistema de educación superior, de ellos el 55.62% son mujeres y el 44.38% varones, residentes de la zona rural un 18% y el 81% residen en zonas urbanas; además, existe un incremento de postulantes con discapacidad, en el año 2012 existen 1.496 postulantes y en el año 2020 un total de 2.606. Para ingresar a una institución de educación superior pública los postulantes necesitan un puntaje superior a 941 puntos sobre 1000 en la carrera universitaria más demandada y de 740 puntos sobre 1000 para acceder a la tecnología superior más demandada; considerando el puntaje, más del 41% de postulantes no tienen la oportunidad de acceder a una institución de educación superior, ya que tienen una nota menor a 700 sobre 1000; Los directivos entrevistados señalan que para el ingreso a la universidad hay libertad de escoger la carrera, pero esa elección no está acorde a las cualidades y talentos de los postulantes, lo que genera tasas de repitencia y menos oportunidades en el acceso, por lo que hay que mejorar la calidad de la educación media, ya que el examen está pensado en la centralidad y favorece el ingreso a mejores universidades fiscales de los postulantes que más recursos económicos tienen; por lo que existe la necesidad de ajustar las mallas curriculares y el retorno a un bachillerato con especialidades; además un sistema de becas que permita que los estudiantes de menos recursos culminen su carrera exitosamente y se supere esta brecha en el acceso. Para mejorar la calidad de la educación media se genera una propuesta que parte de una revisión sistemática de iniciativas educativas a nivel mundial; se plantea un reajuste curricular en el área de las ciencias experimentales, con la intervención de docentes expertos de la Unidad Educativa Luis Cordero y de la Universidad Nacional de Educación (UNAE); además, se ejecutó un proyecto de razonamiento lógico matemático denominado TutoSciences, que permitió nivelar los conocimientos de los estudiantes del tercero de bachillerato para el examen de acceso a la educación superior, con resultados favorables, ya que los estudiantes que fueron parte del proyecto tienen un promedio de 2.06 puntos más sobre 10 en relación a los estudiantes que se prepararon en otras instituciones de nivelación de acuerdo a los resultados del pretest y del postest aplicados. Se concluye que este estudio permitió visibilizar la realidad de la educación superior pública en el Ecuador, con una oferta que apenas cubre el 46.85% del acceso, que favorece a los postulantes de los quintiles más altos, de allí la necesidad de aplicar la propuesta que permita realizar actividades que potencien el Modelo de Educación Media fiscal para el ingreso equitativo de
sus bachilleres a las universidades, escuelas politécnicas e institutos tecnológicos en el Ecuador.
This doctoral thesis aims to analyse the access of students to the Public Higher Education System of Ecuador during the years 2012 to 2020, with data provided by the National Secretariat of Higher Education SENESCYT, a governmental entity that took charge of access to higher education from 2012. A theoretical foundation is provided detailing the Ecuadorian history in the framework of access, With regulations that favour quality, universal access, free access, permanence, mobility and graduation without discrimination, based on the Organic Law of Higher Education and the Regulations of the National System of Leveling and Admission. Access is meritocratic through the national exam that determines a percentage for admission to a higher education institution, a percentage that has varied from 85% in 2012 to 40% in 2020, completing the percentage with academic background and an additional score for affirmative action where appropriate. The approach of the research is mixed, in the quantitative part the databases provided by SENESCYT are analysed and for the qualitative analysis an interview is designed and applied to higher education managers who have generated public policy on issues of access to higher education. The results reflect a growing trend of students who wish to enter a public higher education institution, an annual average of 323,047 applicants who demand a place, with an offer that barely covers 46.85% of the access needs, that is, 5 out of every 10 students are left out of the higher education system, of which 55.62% are women and 44.44% are men.62% are women and 44.38% are men, 18% live in rural areas and 81% live in urban areas; in addition, there is an increase of applicants with disabilities, in 2012 there were 1,496 applicants and in 2020 there will be a total of 2,606. To enter a public higher education institution, applicants need a score of more than 941 points out of 1000 in the most demanded university degree and 740 points out of 1000 to access the most demanded higher technology; considering the score, more than 41% of applicants do not have the opportunity to access a higher education institution, as they have a score of less than 700 out of 1000; The directors interviewed point out that for university entrance there is freedom to choose the career, but this choice is not in accordance with the qualities and talents of the applicants, which generates repetition rates and fewer opportunities for access, so it is necessary to improve the quality of secondary education, since the exam is designed for centrality and favours entry to better public universities for applicants who have more economic resources; There is therefore a need to adjust the curricula and return to a baccalaureate with specialisations, as well as a system of scholarships that will allow students with fewer resources to successfully complete their studies and overcome this gap in access. In order to improve the quality of secondary education, a proposal was generated based on a systematic review of educational initiatives at a global level; a curricular readjustment was proposed in the area of experimental sciences, with the intervention of expert teachers from the Luis Cordero Educational Unit and the National University of Education (UNAE); In addition, a logical-mathematical reasoning project called TutoSciences was carried out, which helped to level the knowledge of students in the third year of baccalaureate for the entrance exam to higher education, with favourable results, as the students who took part in the project has an average of 2.06 points more out of 10 in relation to the students who were prepared in other institutions according to the results of the pre-test and posttest applied. It is concluded that this study made it possible to make visible the reality of public higher education in Ecuador, with an offer that barely covers 46.85% of access, which favours applicants from the highest quintiles, hence the need to apply the proposal to carry out activities that enhance the fiscal Model of Secondary Education for the equitable entry of its graduates to universities, polytechnic schools and technological institutes in Ecuador.
This doctoral thesis aims to analyse the access of students to the Public Higher Education System of Ecuador during the years 2012 to 2020, with data provided by the National Secretariat of Higher Education SENESCYT, a governmental entity that took charge of access to higher education from 2012. A theoretical foundation is provided detailing the Ecuadorian history in the framework of access, With regulations that favour quality, universal access, free access, permanence, mobility and graduation without discrimination, based on the Organic Law of Higher Education and the Regulations of the National System of Leveling and Admission. Access is meritocratic through the national exam that determines a percentage for admission to a higher education institution, a percentage that has varied from 85% in 2012 to 40% in 2020, completing the percentage with academic background and an additional score for affirmative action where appropriate. The approach of the research is mixed, in the quantitative part the databases provided by SENESCYT are analysed and for the qualitative analysis an interview is designed and applied to higher education managers who have generated public policy on issues of access to higher education. The results reflect a growing trend of students who wish to enter a public higher education institution, an annual average of 323,047 applicants who demand a place, with an offer that barely covers 46.85% of the access needs, that is, 5 out of every 10 students are left out of the higher education system, of which 55.62% are women and 44.44% are men.62% are women and 44.38% are men, 18% live in rural areas and 81% live in urban areas; in addition, there is an increase of applicants with disabilities, in 2012 there were 1,496 applicants and in 2020 there will be a total of 2,606. To enter a public higher education institution, applicants need a score of more than 941 points out of 1000 in the most demanded university degree and 740 points out of 1000 to access the most demanded higher technology; considering the score, more than 41% of applicants do not have the opportunity to access a higher education institution, as they have a score of less than 700 out of 1000; The directors interviewed point out that for university entrance there is freedom to choose the career, but this choice is not in accordance with the qualities and talents of the applicants, which generates repetition rates and fewer opportunities for access, so it is necessary to improve the quality of secondary education, since the exam is designed for centrality and favours entry to better public universities for applicants who have more economic resources; There is therefore a need to adjust the curricula and return to a baccalaureate with specialisations, as well as a system of scholarships that will allow students with fewer resources to successfully complete their studies and overcome this gap in access. In order to improve the quality of secondary education, a proposal was generated based on a systematic review of educational initiatives at a global level; a curricular readjustment was proposed in the area of experimental sciences, with the intervention of expert teachers from the Luis Cordero Educational Unit and the National University of Education (UNAE); In addition, a logical-mathematical reasoning project called TutoSciences was carried out, which helped to level the knowledge of students in the third year of baccalaureate for the entrance exam to higher education, with favourable results, as the students who took part in the project has an average of 2.06 points more out of 10 in relation to the students who were prepared in other institutions according to the results of the pre-test and posttest applied. It is concluded that this study made it possible to make visible the reality of public higher education in Ecuador, with an offer that barely covers 46.85% of access, which favours applicants from the highest quintiles, hence the need to apply the proposal to carry out activities that enhance the fiscal Model of Secondary Education for the equitable entry of its graduates to universities, polytechnic schools and technological institutes in Ecuador.














