Aprovechamientos comunales en el Condado de Niebla (1504-1686). Pervivencias y restricciones
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Abstract
El artículo explora la pervivencia de los usos
comunales durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Los mecanismos fueron la privatización temporal de los
recursos concejiles (desacoto de bellotas, usufructo
de dehesas, baldíos, ejidos y extremos) y de bienes
comunales, como los aprovechamiento de pastos en
los baldíos; el disfrute de suertes de tierras comunales o bienes de propios en régimen de usufructo, e
incluso la bellota residual de la montanera dentro
de propiedades privadas. Las restricciones nacieron
de la presión de los poderosos, en forma de usurpaciones ilegales, pero también de la presión de las
clases populares que alentaron la privatización de
espacios públicos, como las enclosures en las tierras
del alfoz, o el reparto de abesanas y criaderos en las
dehesas. El asiento de colmenas y la búsqueda de
rozas y pastos, en los baldíos de Niebla, permitió
la creación de alcarías o núcleos semipermanentes.
Las urgencias fiscales y la cerrazón de las aldeas, incapaces de crear normas de distribución civilizadas
de las comunidades de pasto de origen medieval,
limitaron los usos comunales. Por ello, los aldeanos
se vieron privados de los antiguos derechos a pastorear, cazar y cortar maderas y corchos y fueron
limitados, asimismo, los derechos de espigueo y
rastrojera.
La pérdida progresiva de los bienes comunales
y de propios y, por ende, de los usos comunales, vinieron de una concatenación de impulsos:
a la extenuante presión impositiva, se unió la labor
usurpadora de los poderosos, y también la presión
ejercida por las clases humildes
The article explores the survival of communal uses during the 16th and 17th centuries. The mechanisms were the temporary privatisation of council resources (desecration of acorns, usufruct of pastures, wastelands, ejidos and ends) and of communal goods, such as the use of pastures in the wastelands; the use of lots of communal lands or property of their own in a usufruct regime, and even the residual acorn of the montanera within private properties. The restrictions arose from the pressure of the powerful, in the form of illegal usurpations, but also from the pressure of the popular classes that encouraged the privatisation of public spaces, such as the enclosures in the lands of the alfoz, or the distribution of abesanas and hatcheries in the pastures. The settlement of beehives and the search for slashes and pastures, in the Niebla wastelands, led to the creation of alcarías or semi-permanent nuclei. The fiscal urgencies and the closed-mindedness of the villages, incapable of creating civilized rules for the distribution of the pasture communities of medieval origin, limited communal uses. As a result, the villagers were deprived of the ancient rights to graze, hunt and cut wood and cork, and the rights to glean and stubble were also limited. The progressive loss of communal and property assets and, therefore, of communal uses, came from a concatenation of impulses: the strenuous tax pressure was joined by the usurping work of the powerful, and also the pressure exerted by the lower classes
The article explores the survival of communal uses during the 16th and 17th centuries. The mechanisms were the temporary privatisation of council resources (desecration of acorns, usufruct of pastures, wastelands, ejidos and ends) and of communal goods, such as the use of pastures in the wastelands; the use of lots of communal lands or property of their own in a usufruct regime, and even the residual acorn of the montanera within private properties. The restrictions arose from the pressure of the powerful, in the form of illegal usurpations, but also from the pressure of the popular classes that encouraged the privatisation of public spaces, such as the enclosures in the lands of the alfoz, or the distribution of abesanas and hatcheries in the pastures. The settlement of beehives and the search for slashes and pastures, in the Niebla wastelands, led to the creation of alcarías or semi-permanent nuclei. The fiscal urgencies and the closed-mindedness of the villages, incapable of creating civilized rules for the distribution of the pasture communities of medieval origin, limited communal uses. As a result, the villagers were deprived of the ancient rights to graze, hunt and cut wood and cork, and the rights to glean and stubble were also limited. The progressive loss of communal and property assets and, therefore, of communal uses, came from a concatenation of impulses: the strenuous tax pressure was joined by the usurping work of the powerful, and also the pressure exerted by the lower classes







