Les Quichottes de Cervantès et d’Avellaneda face au miroir : l’écriture du double au seuil du fantastique
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Abstract
En esta tesis, hemos decidido marcar cierta distancia con las lecturas tradicionales del Quijote de Cervantes,
procurando, aun así, no perderlas de vista. Hemos tratado de completar la recepción cómica del libro con una
lectura contemporánea, propia del siglo XXI, atendiendo a los aspectos más extraños. Nuestra reflexión parte
del estudio de la primera parte cervantina y del influjo del Segundo Tomo de Avellaneda sobre el libro de
1615, y nos ha conducido a entender «los tres Quijotes» como si fueran un tríptico especular. Esta doble
inserción le permitió a Cervantes mejorar su propio libro y revelar la continuación con el objetivo de
desacreditarla, sancionarla y distanciarse de ella. Informado de su publicación, don Quijote se mira en un
espejo en el cual no se reconoce, y procura luchar contra su doble usurpador para reafirmar su identidad.
Siguiendo esa estela, nos hemos detenido en analizar los mecanismos de rechazo o de identificación con sus
distintos dobles homónimos, sin olvidar al «otro» don Quijote supuestamente vencido por el Caballero de los
Espejos. Dulcinea ha sido igualmente objeto de nuestra atención, destacando las configuraciones la convierten
en bisagra esencial entre los tres Quijotes.
A partir de ahí, hemos decidido seguir nuestro estudio del caballero centrándonos especialmente en los
personajes con los que se encuentra y que pueden asemejarse a él: Marcela, Cardenio, Sansón Carrasco, don
Diego de Miranda, el doble de papel avellanedesco y Roque Guinart. Tras una observación atenta de los
episodios correspondientes, hemos constatado que el conjunto de estos dobles puede contemplarse como un
verdadero «fenómeno» codificado por constantes literarias, y que todos constituyen entidades bastante
inquietantes. Dicho de otra forma, se parecen mucho al doble fantástico posterior. Para confirmar esta
propensión al motivo del doble, nos ha parecido necesario enriquecer nuestro trabajo observando a su vez los
personajes secundarios. Gracias a una clasificación metódica de los numerosos dobles inventariados y un
examen atento de cada una de sus modalidades, nos hemos dado cuenta de que muchos elementos indicaban
cierta disposición del escritor a la futura escritura fantástica. Al examinar la crítica en torno al género fantástico y su relación con el Quijote, hemos comprobado que los
críticos se centran en el episodio de la Cueva de Montesinos, entendiendo que el potencial fantástico de la
novela cervantina ha sido obviado. Por ello mismo hemos decidido profundizar en la cuestión. El potencial
fantástico de la novela se ha examinado de forma más amplia desde distintos puntos de vista (discursivo,
temático, semántico) y los fragmentos estudiados han mostrado que los episodios cuya finalidad es la risa
también podían tener su parte de «fantasticidad». Por fin, hemos cambiado de enfoque para apoyar estas
lecturas, inscribiendo el tríptico especular y su fantasticidad en el marco de la historia literaria europea. El objetivo ha sido aclarar la recepción de los Quijotes para determinar si los traductores y adaptadores europeos,
especialmente franceses, ingleses y alemanes, supieron entender y transponer la extrañeza que dimana de
ellos. Hemos seleccionado los fragmentos de la novela cervantina de los cuales suponíamos que vendrían
confirmar nuestros resultados, llevando a cabo una comparación con las primeras traducciones y las que
salieron a finales de los siglos XVIII y a principios del XIX, precisamente el periodo que corresponde al
nacimiento de la novela gótica inglesa y de la literatura fantástica en Alemania, así como su expansión por
toda Europa. En fin, todo un conjunto de indicios nos ha hecho llegar a la conclusión de que la continuación
apócrifa iba adquiriendo importancia en las reflexiones de aquella época y, el Quijote cervantino, una
coloración cada vez más inquietante.
In this thesis, we take some distance from the traditional interpretations of Cervantes' Don Quixote, trying, however, not to lose sight of them. Our goal has been to complete the comic reception of the book with a contemporary interpretation, proper to the 21st century, focusing on its strange aspects. Our consideration arose from the study of Cervantes' first part and the influence of Avellaneda's Second Volume on the book published in 1615. It led us to understand "the three Quixotes" as a specular triptych. These two insertions allowed Cervantes to improve his own book and to uncover the apocryphal continuation with the ultimate aim of discrediting, punishing and distancing himself from it. Informed of this publication, Don Quixote looks at himself in a mirror in which he does not recognise himself, and tries to fight against his double impostor in order to reaffirm his identity. In this line, we focus our attention on analysing the mechanisms of rejection or identification related to his homonyms, without forgetting the "other" Don Quixote supposedly defeated by the Caballero de los Espejos. We also study the figure of Dulcinea, highlighting the different configurations that make her a fundamental point of union between the three Quixotes. We then continue our investigation of the knight by focusing our attention on the other characters he meets and who resemble him: Marcela, Cardenio, Sansón Carrasco, Don Diego de Miranda and Roque Guinart. Observing the corresponding episodes, we realised that all of them could be understood as a real "phenomenon" encoded by literary constants, and that they are all disturbing entities. In other words, they resemble the double of future fantasy. To confirm this tendency, it was necessary to deal in depth with the secondary characters. Thanks to a methodical classification of the numerous doubles inventoried and the examination of each modality of the doubles, we saw that many elements reveal a certain attitude on the part of Cervantes towards the writing style of future fantasy. When we examined the various works on the fantastic genre and its relation to Don Quixote, we noticed that, most of the time, most critical analyses were focused on the episode of the Cueva de Montesinos, omitting the fantastic potential of the novel. Consequently, we looked further into this question. The fantastic potential of the novel was further examined from different points of view (discursively, thematically and semantically) revealing that episodes whose purpose is to make us laugh can also have a fantastic side. Finally, to support our interpretation, we completed our approach by incorporating our reflections on European literary history. The main one was to look at the reception of Don Quixote to determine whether European translators and adapters (French, English and German) understood and transposed the strangeness of these episodes. We selected passages from the novel on which we assumed our results could be confirmed. We then compared them with early translations and those published in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, i.e. in the period corresponding to the birth of the English Gothic novel and German fantasy literature, and also to its expansion in Europe. Finally, many literary indications led us to the conclusion that the apocryphal sequel was acquiring, in the reflections of this period as well as in the original Don Quixote, an increasingly disturbing aspect.
In this thesis, we take some distance from the traditional interpretations of Cervantes' Don Quixote, trying, however, not to lose sight of them. Our goal has been to complete the comic reception of the book with a contemporary interpretation, proper to the 21st century, focusing on its strange aspects. Our consideration arose from the study of Cervantes' first part and the influence of Avellaneda's Second Volume on the book published in 1615. It led us to understand "the three Quixotes" as a specular triptych. These two insertions allowed Cervantes to improve his own book and to uncover the apocryphal continuation with the ultimate aim of discrediting, punishing and distancing himself from it. Informed of this publication, Don Quixote looks at himself in a mirror in which he does not recognise himself, and tries to fight against his double impostor in order to reaffirm his identity. In this line, we focus our attention on analysing the mechanisms of rejection or identification related to his homonyms, without forgetting the "other" Don Quixote supposedly defeated by the Caballero de los Espejos. We also study the figure of Dulcinea, highlighting the different configurations that make her a fundamental point of union between the three Quixotes. We then continue our investigation of the knight by focusing our attention on the other characters he meets and who resemble him: Marcela, Cardenio, Sansón Carrasco, Don Diego de Miranda and Roque Guinart. Observing the corresponding episodes, we realised that all of them could be understood as a real "phenomenon" encoded by literary constants, and that they are all disturbing entities. In other words, they resemble the double of future fantasy. To confirm this tendency, it was necessary to deal in depth with the secondary characters. Thanks to a methodical classification of the numerous doubles inventoried and the examination of each modality of the doubles, we saw that many elements reveal a certain attitude on the part of Cervantes towards the writing style of future fantasy. When we examined the various works on the fantastic genre and its relation to Don Quixote, we noticed that, most of the time, most critical analyses were focused on the episode of the Cueva de Montesinos, omitting the fantastic potential of the novel. Consequently, we looked further into this question. The fantastic potential of the novel was further examined from different points of view (discursively, thematically and semantically) revealing that episodes whose purpose is to make us laugh can also have a fantastic side. Finally, to support our interpretation, we completed our approach by incorporating our reflections on European literary history. The main one was to look at the reception of Don Quixote to determine whether European translators and adapters (French, English and German) understood and transposed the strangeness of these episodes. We selected passages from the novel on which we assumed our results could be confirmed. We then compared them with early translations and those published in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, i.e. in the period corresponding to the birth of the English Gothic novel and German fantasy literature, and also to its expansion in Europe. Finally, many literary indications led us to the conclusion that the apocryphal sequel was acquiring, in the reflections of this period as well as in the original Don Quixote, an increasingly disturbing aspect.













