Las actividades de aprendizaje en la enseñanza universitaria : ¿hacia un aprendizaje autónomo de los alumnos?
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Abstract
Una de las acciones que caracteriza a los docentes universitarios es el diseño
del aprendizaje de los alumnos. Los docentes continuamente estamos tomando
decisiones que, de una u otra forma, afectan a lo que los alumnos aprenden y a la
forma en que lo hacen. Generalmente, este proceso se desarrolla en contextos de
privacidad. Hasta la entrada en vigor del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior,
la visibilidad del diseño del aprendizaje que el profesorado realizaba era limitada.
En esta investigación pretendemos analizar cómo diseñan los profesores
universitarios el aprendizaje de sus alumnos. Para ello, nos centramos en describir
y analizar las actividades de aprendizaje que el profesorado selecciona para
orientar los procesos de adquisición de competencias por parte del alumnado. La
recogida de datos en nuestro estudio se ha llevado a cabo mediante entrevistas
individuales semiestructuradas con 51 docentes universitarios de las diferentes áreas de conocimiento. Se trata, además, de una selección intencionada de la
muestra, ya que hemos entrevistado a docentes con una reconocida trayectoria en
proyectos y actividades de innovación. La finalidad de la entrevista consistía en
que los participantes describieran una secuencia de aprendizaje que habitualmente
planifican e implementan para el desarrollo de la materia que imparten. Las
entrevistas se grabaron y analizaron mediante un sistema de categorías que ha
permitido clasificar las actividades y tareas que el profesorado utiliza para planificar
el aprendizaje de sus alumnos. Hemos agrupado las actividades de aprendizaje en
las siguientes categorías: asimilativas, gestión de información, aplicación,
comunicativas, productivas, experienciales y evaluativas. Los resultados nos
muestran que las actividades asimilativas son las más frecuentes y que no existen
en general diferencias entre docentes de diferentes ramas de conocimiento en
función de las tareas de aprendizaje que planifican. Estos resultados nos indican
que es necesario seguir formando a los profesores para que empleen tareas y
actividades más relevantes para un aprendizaje autónomo de los alumnos.
One of the activities that characterize teaching is the design of student learning. Teachers are continually making decisions that affect one way or another what students learn and the way they do. Usually this process takes place in contexts of privacy. Until the entry into the European Higher Education Area, the visibility of learning design that teachers performed was limited. In this research we analyze the way the university teachers designed the learning of their students. To do this we focus on describing and analyzing the learning activities that teachers selected to guide the processes of acquisition of competence by students. The collection of data in our study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 51 university teachers from different areas of knowledge. We have interviewed teachers with a proven track record of innovation projects and activities. The purpose of the interview was that the participants describe a sequence of learning that usually planned and implemented for the development of the subject they teach. The interviews were recorded and analyzed using a category system that has allowed classifying the activities and tasks that teachers used to plan student learning. We have grouped the learning activities in the following categories: assimilative, information management, application, communication, production, experiential and evaluative. The results show that the assimilative activities are the most common and generally there are no differences between teachers from different branches of knowledge in terms of learning tasks that plan. These results call attention to the need to continue to train teachers for the use of tasks and learning activities more relevant to students.
One of the activities that characterize teaching is the design of student learning. Teachers are continually making decisions that affect one way or another what students learn and the way they do. Usually this process takes place in contexts of privacy. Until the entry into the European Higher Education Area, the visibility of learning design that teachers performed was limited. In this research we analyze the way the university teachers designed the learning of their students. To do this we focus on describing and analyzing the learning activities that teachers selected to guide the processes of acquisition of competence by students. The collection of data in our study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 51 university teachers from different areas of knowledge. We have interviewed teachers with a proven track record of innovation projects and activities. The purpose of the interview was that the participants describe a sequence of learning that usually planned and implemented for the development of the subject they teach. The interviews were recorded and analyzed using a category system that has allowed classifying the activities and tasks that teachers used to plan student learning. We have grouped the learning activities in the following categories: assimilative, information management, application, communication, production, experiential and evaluative. The results show that the assimilative activities are the most common and generally there are no differences between teachers from different branches of knowledge in terms of learning tasks that plan. These results call attention to the need to continue to train teachers for the use of tasks and learning activities more relevant to students.
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Bibliographic citation
Marcelo García, C., Yot Domínguez, C., Mayor Ruiz, C., Sánchez Moreno, M., Murillo Estepa, P., Rodríguez López, J.M., Pardo Rojas, A.:"Las actividades de aprendizaje en la enseñanza universitaria : ¿hacia un aprendizaje autónomo de los alumnos?". Revista de Educación. Nº 363, págs. 334-359 (2014). ISSN 0034-8082














