Las actividades y deportes náuticos en la asignatura de Educación Física en la Educación Obligatoria
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En los últimos años, las actividades y deportes náuticos están adquiriendo notoriedad en el ámbito educativo, pudiendo demostrar que son una herramienta valiosa para el desarrollo integral de los estudiantes. Aun así, estás actividades físicas que se realizan en el medio natural, no terminan de materializarse en las programaciones dentro del currículum de Educación Física.
El objetivo general fue analizar la situación de las actividades náuticas en el ámbito educativo con el fin de realizar un programa aplicable, en forma de guía de buenas prácticas. El primer objetivo específico fue realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura existente acerca del uso de las actividades náuticas en la educación formal. El segundo objetivo específico fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los programas existentes relacionadas con las actividades y deportes náuticos en los centros educativos en España. El tercer objetivo específico fue diseñar y validar un instrumento que permita conocer experiencias de cómo se debe trabajar las actividades y deportes náuticos. Finalmente, el cuarto objetivo específico fue conocer la opinión de un grupo de expertos sobre los factores y condicionantes que hacen que las actividades y deportes en el medio acuático resulten un recurso adecuado en el ámbito educativo.
En cuanto a la metodología, se ha realizado una primera revisión sistemática de la utilización de las actividades náuticas en la educación formal (artículo 1), para posteriormente realizar una segunda revisión de los programas de actividades náuticas que se están haciendo en los centros educativos de Educación Primaria y Secundaria en España (artículo 2). A partir de estos conocimientos, se ha diseñado y validado una entrevista mediante el Método Delphi, para conocer las experiencias sobre cómo se debe trabajar las actividades náuticas en los centros educativos (artículo 3). Finalmente, se han realizado entrevistas a diez participantes (monitores y empresarios de actividades acuáticas, y docentes) acerca de la naturaleza de las actividades náuticas en el ámbito educativo (artículo 4). En la primera revisión sistemática (artículo 1) hemos obtenido un total de ocho artículos, que se relacionaban con las temáticas de bienestar; salud física y mental; educación; y gestión. Los hallazgos principales de esta revisión indican que la inclusión de este tipo de contenido mejora la salud física general, el bienestar mental y el desarrollo personal. Además, los resultados demuestran un impacto positivo en la interacción entre pares y una mejora a corto plazo en la confianza en sí mismo. En la revisión segunda (artículo 2), se obtuvo un total de 13 programas de actividades náuticas en España, cuyos resultados indican que, los principales objetivos son el fomento de actividades y deportes náuticos, y el conocimiento del propio entorno. En cuanto a los contenidos, destaca el uso de los deportes de vela, y otros deportes como son piragüismo, windsurf, kayak o paddle surf, que comienzan por clases teóricas, para posteriormente realizar las clases prácticas. En la validación de la entrevista mediante el método Delphi (artículo 3), participaron 9 expertos de distintos ámbitos (universitario, empresas y centros educativos), que diseñaron una entrevista válida y fiable, que consta de 29 preguntas sobre aspectos relacionados con el ámbito del uso de las actividades náuticas, la metodología a usar, modalidades deportivas a practicar, beneficios de realizar ese tipo de actividades, así como los aspectos de seguridad a tener en cuenta. De las opiniones de los expertos (artículo 4), se destaca una mayor aportación en cuanto a temas de seguridad, que de los propios beneficios o tipo de deportes o actividades a practicar. Se indica el uso obligatorio de chalecos salvavidas, y la evaluación del estado del agua para poder realizar la actividad sin correr riesgos. Todos los monitores deben estar formados tanto en las actividades náuticas como en primeros auxilios. Entre los beneficios de este tipo de actividades aparecen la salud, socialización y valores relacionados con el deporte. Se enfatiza, la gran preocupación existente de respeto y cuidado del medio ambiente.
Las siguientes, son las conclusiones vertidas de este trabajo. En el artículo 1, podemos concluir que incorporar de las actividades y deportes náuticos en los centros educativos contribuye a la mejora de la salud física, y tienen efectos positivos sobre la salud mental y bienestar personal, promoviendo la autoestima y la interacción entre pares. En el artículo 2, se ha podido comprobar que, en la actualidad, las actividades y deportes náuticos están adquiriendo notoriedad en el ámbito educativo, siendo este un posible trampolín para su práctica durante el tiempo de ocio. En el artículo 3, se ha creado una herramienta eficaz para conocer las experiencias sobre cómo se debe trabajar las actividades náuticas en los centros educativos. En el artículo 4, revela que las actividades y deportes náuticas ofrecen una amplia gama de beneficios para la salud, el desarrollo personal y social, así como la conciencia ambiental. Sin embargo, la seguridad y la adaptación a las necesidades de personas con discapacidad, son áreas que requieren una atención continua. Destacar que la educación y la exposición temprana a estas actividades son clave para fomentar un interés duradero en los deportes acuáticos y promover un mayor aprecio por el entorno natural.
Finalmente, con todos los datos obtenidos, se procedió a realizar una propuesta completa y útil (Guía de buenas prácticas en educación náutica y marítima inclusiva) mediante un meta-programa aplicable al ámbito educativo, que se tradujo a cuatro idiomas (castellano, inglés, francés y portugués), que dio respuesta al objetivo general de esta investigación. Esta guía destaca por facilitar el uso de las actividades náuticas desde el punto de vista educativo, mediante un trabajo interdisciplinar, a través de proyectos con empresas dedicadas al sector por los beneficios que se obtienen (coste económico, almacenaje y conservación de materiales, organización de la actividad, entre otros), y donde la seguridad, como puede ser el uso de chalecos salvavidas, son de gran relevancia.
In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the prominence of nautical activities and sports in the educational domain, demonstrating their value as integral tools for students' holistic development. However, despite their potential, these activities conducted in natural environments often fail to materialize within the Physical Education curriculum. The overarching aim was to analyze the status of nautical activities in education and develop a practical, applicable program in the form of a good practice guide. The first specific objective involved conducting a systematic review of existing literature on the use of nautical activities in formal education. The second specific objective was to conduct a systematic review of current programs related to nautical activities and sports in educational institutions in Spain. The third specific objective aimed to design and validate an instrument for understanding experiences in working with nautical activities and sports. The fourth specific objective sought to gather expert opinions on the factors making water sports and activities in aquatic environments suitable for educational settings. In terms of methodology, the study involved a two-phase systematic review, the first focusing on the use of nautical activities in formal education (paper 1) and the second on existing programs in primary and secondary schools in Spain (paper 2). Building on this knowledge, a Delphi Method interview was designed and validated to understand experiences in working with nautical activities in educational centers (paper 3). Additionally, interviews were conducted with ten participants, including activity monitors, aquatic entrepreneurs, and teachers, regarding the nature of nautical activities in the educational environment (paper 4). In the first systematic review (paper 1), eight papers were identified, covering topics such as well-being, physical and mental health, education, and management. The findings indicated that incorporating such content improves physical health, mental well-being, personal development, and promotes positive peer interaction. The second review (paper 2) identified 13 nautical activity programs in Spain, with a focus on promoting activities, sports, and environmental awareness. The content emphasized theoretical and practical classes, including sailing, canoeing, windsurfing, kayaking, and paddle surfing. The Delphi method interview (paper 3) involved nine experts and resulted in a valid and reliable interview with 29 questions addressing various aspects of nautical activities. Expert opinions (paper 4) highlighted safety concerns, emphasizing the mandatory use of life jackets and water evaluation for risk-free activities. Instructors were recommended to undergo training in nautical activities and first aid. Benefits included health, socialization, and values associated with sports, with a strong emphasis on environmental respect and care. The following are the conclusions drawn from this study. The incorporation of water sports and activities in educational centers, as discussed in paper 1, contributes positively to physical health, mental well-being, and personal development, fostering self-esteem and peer interaction. Paper 2 confirms the increasing prominence of nautical activities in the educational environment, potentially serving as a catalyst for leisure-time engagement. Paper 3 provides an effective tool for understanding how to work with nautical activities in educational settings, while paper 4 underscores the diverse benefits of nautical activities, emphasizing the ongoing need for safety and adaptation to the needs of individuals with disabilities. Early exposure and education play pivotal roles in nurturing a lasting interest in water sports and fostering a greater appreciation for the natural environment. Finally, based on the acquired data, a comprehensive and practical proposal, the "Guide of good practices in inclusive nautical and maritime education," was developed through a meta-program applicable to the educational field. Translated into four languages (Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese), this guide facilitates the use of nautical activities from an educational standpoint, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration with sector-specific companies to maximize benefits and address safety concerns, including the use of life jackets.
In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the prominence of nautical activities and sports in the educational domain, demonstrating their value as integral tools for students' holistic development. However, despite their potential, these activities conducted in natural environments often fail to materialize within the Physical Education curriculum. The overarching aim was to analyze the status of nautical activities in education and develop a practical, applicable program in the form of a good practice guide. The first specific objective involved conducting a systematic review of existing literature on the use of nautical activities in formal education. The second specific objective was to conduct a systematic review of current programs related to nautical activities and sports in educational institutions in Spain. The third specific objective aimed to design and validate an instrument for understanding experiences in working with nautical activities and sports. The fourth specific objective sought to gather expert opinions on the factors making water sports and activities in aquatic environments suitable for educational settings. In terms of methodology, the study involved a two-phase systematic review, the first focusing on the use of nautical activities in formal education (paper 1) and the second on existing programs in primary and secondary schools in Spain (paper 2). Building on this knowledge, a Delphi Method interview was designed and validated to understand experiences in working with nautical activities in educational centers (paper 3). Additionally, interviews were conducted with ten participants, including activity monitors, aquatic entrepreneurs, and teachers, regarding the nature of nautical activities in the educational environment (paper 4). In the first systematic review (paper 1), eight papers were identified, covering topics such as well-being, physical and mental health, education, and management. The findings indicated that incorporating such content improves physical health, mental well-being, personal development, and promotes positive peer interaction. The second review (paper 2) identified 13 nautical activity programs in Spain, with a focus on promoting activities, sports, and environmental awareness. The content emphasized theoretical and practical classes, including sailing, canoeing, windsurfing, kayaking, and paddle surfing. The Delphi method interview (paper 3) involved nine experts and resulted in a valid and reliable interview with 29 questions addressing various aspects of nautical activities. Expert opinions (paper 4) highlighted safety concerns, emphasizing the mandatory use of life jackets and water evaluation for risk-free activities. Instructors were recommended to undergo training in nautical activities and first aid. Benefits included health, socialization, and values associated with sports, with a strong emphasis on environmental respect and care. The following are the conclusions drawn from this study. The incorporation of water sports and activities in educational centers, as discussed in paper 1, contributes positively to physical health, mental well-being, and personal development, fostering self-esteem and peer interaction. Paper 2 confirms the increasing prominence of nautical activities in the educational environment, potentially serving as a catalyst for leisure-time engagement. Paper 3 provides an effective tool for understanding how to work with nautical activities in educational settings, while paper 4 underscores the diverse benefits of nautical activities, emphasizing the ongoing need for safety and adaptation to the needs of individuals with disabilities. Early exposure and education play pivotal roles in nurturing a lasting interest in water sports and fostering a greater appreciation for the natural environment. Finally, based on the acquired data, a comprehensive and practical proposal, the "Guide of good practices in inclusive nautical and maritime education," was developed through a meta-program applicable to the educational field. Translated into four languages (Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese), this guide facilitates the use of nautical activities from an educational standpoint, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration with sector-specific companies to maximize benefits and address safety concerns, including the use of life jackets.














