Aprendiendo a cuidar : análisis desde la perspectiva de género de los determinantes del burnout para mejorar el bienestar del personal de salud de Huelva
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Abstract
Un ambiente inadecuado de trabajo puede desencadenar efectos negativos sobre la
calidad de vida de las personas, tanto a nivel físico como emocional. Entre los efectos
negativos, se puede desarrollar un tipo de estrés laboral crónico, conocido como síndrome
de burnout. Este trastorno comprende la esfera emocional y laboral con graves
consecuencias físicas y psicológicas para las personas que lo padecen (Gil-Monte, 2005).
El personal de salud, especialmente en atención especializada, se enfrenta
frecuentemente a situaciones de vida y muerte, por lo que su trabajo puede llegar a ser
física y emocionalmente agotador. El estrés que se deriva de este contexto implica el
desarrollo de problemas conductuales, de salud y psicológicos (ansiedad, depresión, etc.)
(García-Campayo, Puebla-Guedea, Herrera-Mercadal y Daudén, 2016). El agotamiento, la
baja autoestima, la despersonalización y el aislamiento profesional son sus principales
características (Gil-Monte, 2005). Además, se une un padecimiento que afecta a casi un
tercio de la población española, como son los problemas en la coordinación de la vida
laboral y familiar (Prada, Bocija, Luque, Reina, García, y Moreno, 2016).
El estudio de los determinantes sociales de burnout con enfoque de género puede
contribuir a la prevención de enfermedades mejorando la calidad y eficiencia de los
servicios de salud (Castañeda, 2013). La adopción de la perspectiva de género en salud
sigue siendo necesaria porque permitirá obtener datos sobre la existencia y características
de los aspectos estructurales de los sistemas de salud, de la formación y de la investigación
biomédica, epidemiológica y sociológica, así como de sus manifestaciones reales en la
práctica clínica diaria (Amo, 2008). A estas cuestiones relevantes se unen en estos momentos los efectos de una alerta
sanitaria generada por una pandemia a partir de marzo de 2020, el Coronavirus (COVID-
19). Ello agrava el malestar psicológico en muchos/as trabajadores y trabajadoras, siendo
un referente inevitable el personal sanitario (Santamaría et al., 2020).
Por todo esto, los objetivos generales de esta investigación han sido enfocados hacia
dos finalidades. La primera, conocer la prevalencia del burnout en hombres y mujeres que
desempeñan su profesión en asistencia especializada en la sanidad pública de Huelva, así
como las dimensiones de este problema (agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y baja
realización personal) en un estado de pandemia y teniendo en cuenta, una serie de variables
sociodemográficas. En segundo lugar, con los datos recogidos y analizados en la población
mencionada, plantear una propuesta formativa que permita actuar para la prevención y
manejo del burnout, abordando los determinantes causales de esta enfermedad profesional.
Métodos
Se ha realizado un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y correlacional en 4 categorías
profesionales relacionadas con la salud, de dos centros de atención especializada de la
sanidad pública de la ciudad de Huelva. La muestra estuvo compuesta por profesionales del
Complejo Hospitalario Juan Ramón Jiménez (Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez y Hospital
Vázquez Díaz), en la que había 22 médicos varones y 106 mujeres; 30 enfermeros y 171
enfermeras; 29 auxiliares de enfermería varones y 168 mujeres, 57 celadores y 27
celadoras. Por otro lado, se seleccionaron profesionales del Hospital Infanta Elena, en cuya
muestra había 50 médicos/as (30 varones y 16 mujeres), 181 enfermeros, 99 enfermeras,
116 mujeres auxiliares de enfermería, 21 celadores y 19 celadoras.
Los instrumentos utilizados para obtener la información han sido el MBI – HSS
(Maslach y Jackson, 1998), el SWING (Geurts y otros, 2005) y el GHQ-12 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988). Para la recogida de datos se tuvieron en cuenta una serie de variables
sociodemográficas como son el sexo, edad, estado civil, paternidad/maternidad, profesión,
tiempo de servicio, centro de trabajo y vivencia de momentos de contacto con alguna
situación de COVID-19 en el entorno laboral. El trabajo de campo se realizó desde marzo
hasta junio de 2020.
Resultados
El análisis de la información pone de manifiesto que, a pesar del estado de
pandemia, es destacable el afrontamiento que ha manifestado el personal sanitario de
Huelva. La prevalencia de burnout no ha sido muy alta en ambos sexos (6% en mujeres y
17,5% en hombres). Esto no significa que hayan sido inmunes a la situación porque se
corrobora la dependencia entre la variable sexo con síndrome de burnout y sus dimensiones
(p<0,05 en la prueba de Chi-cuadrado).
Casi la mitad de la muestra de hombres y mujeres (>41% en ambos sexos) presenta
un alto agotamiento emocional. La mitad de la muestra de hombres (>40%) presenta una
alta despersonalización y la mitad de la muestra de mujeres (>44%) presenta una alta
realización personal. Un número similar de la población estudiada presenta posibles
patologías psiquiátricas no psicóticas (47% de mujeres y 45,5% de hombres). También hay
que destacar que se ratifica la dependencia entre las variables de interacción trabajo –
familia con el padecimiento del burnout y la afectación de las dimensiones de agotamiento
emocional y despersonalización (p<0,05 en la prueba de Chi-cuadrado).
Los datos obtenidos reafirman el poder de las vivencias cotidianas y culturales, ya que se
corrobora la dependencia entre las variables del estado civil, el contacto con una situación
de COVID-19 en el entorno laboral y el sexo, con el padecimiento de burnout y con la
afectación de sus dimensiones (p<0,05 en la prueba de Chi-cuadrado). Los resultados también prueban la dependencia entre el estado civil y la categoría
profesional con las posibles patologías psiquiátricas no psicóticas (p<0,05 en prueba de
Chi-cuadrado). Además, se confirma la dependencia entre la variable contacto con COVID-
19 con estas posibles patologías (p<0,05 en prueba de Chi-cuadrado).
En cuanto a las diferentes interacciones entre el entorno laboral y familiar, la que
mayor porcentaje ha presentado ha sido la interacción positiva de la familia sobre el trabajo
en ambos sexos (54,5% en mujeres y 57,30% en hombres).
Conclusiones
Las conclusiones de este estudio ponen de manifiesta las diferencias en cuanto al
sexo en el padecimiento de burnout y en la afectación de sus dimensiones. Los varones
presentan mayores porcentajes de burnout, agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y
baja realización personal que las mujeres.
Las personas que sufren burnout representan un mayor porcentaje también de
interacción negativa del trabajo sobre la familia, con respecto a las personas que no
presentan padecimiento del síndrome.
La mayoría de varones que presentan alto agotamiento emocional, reflejan también
un mayor porcentaje de interacción negativa del trabajo sobre la familia, con respecto a las
personas que no tienen alta afectación de esta dimensión.
A esto se une que las personas que han tenido contacto con alguna situación de
COVID-19 en su entorno laboral, también representan un mayor porcentaje de interacción
negativa del trabajo sobre la familia, con respecto a las personas que no han tenido contacto
con estas situaciones. En cuanto a la presencia de probables patologías psiquiátricas no psicóticas, las
personas que presentan afectación de esta variable, representan también mayores
porcentajes de burnout, alto agotamiento emocional y alta despersonalización. Destacar que
las personas viudas son las de mayor representación en estas posibles patologías.
Y si atendemos a la categoría profesional, son los/as celadores/as (mayoritariamente
varones [58,98%]) los que representan mayores porcentajes de afectación en estas posibles
patologías. También estos/as profesionales son los que han representado mayor proporción
de burnout, alto agotamiento emocional, alta despersonalización y baja realización
personal.
En la línea del anterior párrafo, con referencia a personas con posibles patologías
psiquiátricas no psicóticas, hay que destacar que las personas que han tenido contacto con
alguna situación de COVID-19 en su entorno laboral, representan un mayor porcentaje de
afectación frente a las que no han tenido contacto con situaciones de la pandemia.
Para llevar a cabo la propuesta de intervención se han planteado distintas propuestas
de actuación, en función de la incidencia de variables según el colectivo afectado, para la
mejora en la calidad de vida de la población estudiada.
A poor work environment can bring about negative effects on people’s quality of life, both at a physical and an emotional level. Among these negative effects, one can develop a kind of chronic occupational stress known as burnout syndrome. This disorder includes both emotional and work spheres and has serious physical and psychological effects on people who suffer from it (Gil-Monte, 2005). Health personnel, especially those in specialized care, frequently have to deal with life-or-death situations, so their job can become physically and emotionally exhausting. The stress derived from this context involves the development of behavioral, health, and psychological problems (anxiety, depression, etc.) (García-Campayo, Puebla-Guedea, Herrera-Mercadal y Daudén, 2016). Exhaustion, low self-esteem, depersonalization and professional isolation are its main characteristics (Gil-Monte, 2005). In addition, there is also an issue that affects almost one-third of the Spanish population, the difficulties concerning labor and family reconciliation (Prada, Bocija, Luque, Reina, García, y Moreno, 2016). Furthermore, the study of social determinants with a gender approach can contribute to the prevention of some conditions, improving the quality and efficiency of health care services (Castañeda, 2013). Therefore, the adoption of a gender perspective in health care is still necessary and provides information about the existence and characteristics of structural aspects of health systems, training, and biomedical, epidemiological, and sociological research, as well as their manifestations in daily clinical practice (Amo, 2008). The effects of a sanitary alert caused by a pandemic, the Coronavirus (COVID-19), starting in March 2020 just add to the aforementioned important issues. This aggravates the psychological distress suffered by many male and female workers, being a primary example the health professionals (Santamaría et al., 2020). Therefore, the overall goals of this research have two main focuses. The first one is knowing the prevalence of burnout in men and women who carry out their profession at specialized care in Huelva’s public health, as well as the dimensions of this problem (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low self-esteem) in a pandemic, bearing in mind a series of socio-demographic variables. The second is, using the collected and analyzed data from the aforementioned population, presenting a training proposal that allows for actions in the prevention and management of burnout, addressing causal determinants of this occupational disease. Methods A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational research was carried out on 4 healthrelated professional categories at two specialized care centers from Huelva’s public health care. The sample was made up of professionals from the Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital Complex (Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital and Vázquez Díaz Hospital), and included 22 male and 106 female doctors, 30 males and 171 female nurses, 29 male and 168 female nursing assistants, and 57 male and 27 female porters. It was also comprised of professionals from the Infanta Elena Hospital, in which there were 50 doctors (30 men and 16 women), 181 male nurses, 99 female nurses, 116 female nursing assistants, 21 male porters and 19 female porters. The tools used for the data gathering were the MBI-HSS (Maslach & Jackson, 1998), the SWING (Geurts and others, 2005), and the GHQ-12 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988). For the data gathering a series of sociodemographic variables were considered, like sex, age, marital status, parenthood, occupation, seniority, work place, and experiences dealing with COVID-19 situations at the work place. The field work was conducted in March, April, and June 2020. Results The analysis of the information reveals that, in spite of the pandemic, Huelva’s health workers are dealing with it remarkably well. The prevalence of burnout has not been very high in either sex (6% in women and 17’5% in men). This does not mean they were immune to this situation, as the dependence between the sex variable and the burnout syndrome and its dimensions has been corroborated (p<0,05 at the Chi-cuadrado test). Almost half of the male and female sample (>41% in both sexes) shows high emotional exhaustion. Half of the male sample (>40%) shows high depersonalization and half of the female sample (>44%) shows high self-realization. A similar number of the examined population shows possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (47% of women and 45% of men). It should also be pointed out that the dependency between the workfamily interactions variables and suffering burnout, as well as the impact of the dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, has been ratified (p<0,05 at the Chicuadrado test). The data obtained confirms the power of daily and cultural experiences. This is corroborated by the dependency between the variables of marital status, dealing with a COVID-19 situation in the work place, sex and suffering burnout and the impact of its dimensions. (p<0,05 at the Chi-cuadrado test). The results also demonstrate the dependency between marital status or professional group and possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (p<0,05 at Chi-cuadrado test). Besides, the dependency between the contact with COVID-19 variable and these possible disorders has been confirmed (p<0,05 at Chi-cuadrado test). As for the different interactions between work and family environment, the positive interaction of family over work shows a higher percentage in both genders (54’5% in women and 57’30% in men). Conclusions The conclusions of this research bring to light the differences concerning sex in the suffering from burnout and the impact of its dimensions. Men show higher percentages of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low self-esteem than women. People who suffer from burnout also show a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those who don’t suffer from this syndrome. Most men that show high emotional exhaustion also display a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those people that are not highly affected by this dimension. This is in addition to the fact that people who had contact with some COVID-19 situation in their work place also show a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those who didn’t have any contact with these situations. Regarding the presence of possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders, people who show signs of being affected by this variable also display higher percentages of burnout, high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization. It is worth mentioning that widows and widowers are the ones with a higher representation in these possible disorders. Finally, if we consider the occupational group, both male and female porters (most of them men [58,98%]) are the ones that show a higher impact in these possible disorders. These workers also showed the highest proportion of burnout, high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization and low self-esteem. Following the idea of the previous paragraph, with regards to people with possible non psychotic psychiatric disorders, it is worth mentioning that people who had contact with any COVID-19 situation in their work place, show a higher percentage of impact than those who didn’t have any contact with the pandemic. In order to realize the intervention proposal, different action plans have been put forward according to incidence variables within affected collectives, with the aim of improving the life standards of the studied population.
A poor work environment can bring about negative effects on people’s quality of life, both at a physical and an emotional level. Among these negative effects, one can develop a kind of chronic occupational stress known as burnout syndrome. This disorder includes both emotional and work spheres and has serious physical and psychological effects on people who suffer from it (Gil-Monte, 2005). Health personnel, especially those in specialized care, frequently have to deal with life-or-death situations, so their job can become physically and emotionally exhausting. The stress derived from this context involves the development of behavioral, health, and psychological problems (anxiety, depression, etc.) (García-Campayo, Puebla-Guedea, Herrera-Mercadal y Daudén, 2016). Exhaustion, low self-esteem, depersonalization and professional isolation are its main characteristics (Gil-Monte, 2005). In addition, there is also an issue that affects almost one-third of the Spanish population, the difficulties concerning labor and family reconciliation (Prada, Bocija, Luque, Reina, García, y Moreno, 2016). Furthermore, the study of social determinants with a gender approach can contribute to the prevention of some conditions, improving the quality and efficiency of health care services (Castañeda, 2013). Therefore, the adoption of a gender perspective in health care is still necessary and provides information about the existence and characteristics of structural aspects of health systems, training, and biomedical, epidemiological, and sociological research, as well as their manifestations in daily clinical practice (Amo, 2008). The effects of a sanitary alert caused by a pandemic, the Coronavirus (COVID-19), starting in March 2020 just add to the aforementioned important issues. This aggravates the psychological distress suffered by many male and female workers, being a primary example the health professionals (Santamaría et al., 2020). Therefore, the overall goals of this research have two main focuses. The first one is knowing the prevalence of burnout in men and women who carry out their profession at specialized care in Huelva’s public health, as well as the dimensions of this problem (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low self-esteem) in a pandemic, bearing in mind a series of socio-demographic variables. The second is, using the collected and analyzed data from the aforementioned population, presenting a training proposal that allows for actions in the prevention and management of burnout, addressing causal determinants of this occupational disease. Methods A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational research was carried out on 4 healthrelated professional categories at two specialized care centers from Huelva’s public health care. The sample was made up of professionals from the Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital Complex (Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital and Vázquez Díaz Hospital), and included 22 male and 106 female doctors, 30 males and 171 female nurses, 29 male and 168 female nursing assistants, and 57 male and 27 female porters. It was also comprised of professionals from the Infanta Elena Hospital, in which there were 50 doctors (30 men and 16 women), 181 male nurses, 99 female nurses, 116 female nursing assistants, 21 male porters and 19 female porters. The tools used for the data gathering were the MBI-HSS (Maslach & Jackson, 1998), the SWING (Geurts and others, 2005), and the GHQ-12 (Goldberg & Williams, 1988). For the data gathering a series of sociodemographic variables were considered, like sex, age, marital status, parenthood, occupation, seniority, work place, and experiences dealing with COVID-19 situations at the work place. The field work was conducted in March, April, and June 2020. Results The analysis of the information reveals that, in spite of the pandemic, Huelva’s health workers are dealing with it remarkably well. The prevalence of burnout has not been very high in either sex (6% in women and 17’5% in men). This does not mean they were immune to this situation, as the dependence between the sex variable and the burnout syndrome and its dimensions has been corroborated (p<0,05 at the Chi-cuadrado test). Almost half of the male and female sample (>41% in both sexes) shows high emotional exhaustion. Half of the male sample (>40%) shows high depersonalization and half of the female sample (>44%) shows high self-realization. A similar number of the examined population shows possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (47% of women and 45% of men). It should also be pointed out that the dependency between the workfamily interactions variables and suffering burnout, as well as the impact of the dimensions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, has been ratified (p<0,05 at the Chicuadrado test). The data obtained confirms the power of daily and cultural experiences. This is corroborated by the dependency between the variables of marital status, dealing with a COVID-19 situation in the work place, sex and suffering burnout and the impact of its dimensions. (p<0,05 at the Chi-cuadrado test). The results also demonstrate the dependency between marital status or professional group and possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (p<0,05 at Chi-cuadrado test). Besides, the dependency between the contact with COVID-19 variable and these possible disorders has been confirmed (p<0,05 at Chi-cuadrado test). As for the different interactions between work and family environment, the positive interaction of family over work shows a higher percentage in both genders (54’5% in women and 57’30% in men). Conclusions The conclusions of this research bring to light the differences concerning sex in the suffering from burnout and the impact of its dimensions. Men show higher percentages of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low self-esteem than women. People who suffer from burnout also show a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those who don’t suffer from this syndrome. Most men that show high emotional exhaustion also display a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those people that are not highly affected by this dimension. This is in addition to the fact that people who had contact with some COVID-19 situation in their work place also show a higher percentage of negative interaction of work over family than those who didn’t have any contact with these situations. Regarding the presence of possible non-psychotic psychiatric disorders, people who show signs of being affected by this variable also display higher percentages of burnout, high emotional exhaustion and high depersonalization. It is worth mentioning that widows and widowers are the ones with a higher representation in these possible disorders. Finally, if we consider the occupational group, both male and female porters (most of them men [58,98%]) are the ones that show a higher impact in these possible disorders. These workers also showed the highest proportion of burnout, high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization and low self-esteem. Following the idea of the previous paragraph, with regards to people with possible non psychotic psychiatric disorders, it is worth mentioning that people who had contact with any COVID-19 situation in their work place, show a higher percentage of impact than those who didn’t have any contact with the pandemic. In order to realize the intervention proposal, different action plans have been put forward according to incidence variables within affected collectives, with the aim of improving the life standards of the studied population.














