El teatro como herramienta en la terapia: el uso de técnicas teatrales como método de intervención terapéutica psicológica
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Abstract
El significado etimológico de la palabra “drama” es “hacer”, es decir, una invitación a actuar, hacer,
manifestar y, por tanto, cambiar y transformar (Pendzik, 2006).
La dramaterapia busca provocar cambios sustanciales en la vida y las percepciones de las personas (Keisari
et al., 2020). Actualmente existen múltiples ámbitos en los que se utiliza el teatro como terapia aunque se refleja
la necesidad de un desarrollo teórico sustentado en datos empíricos (Cassidy et al., 2014). La dramaterapia y el
teatro aplicado a la salud pueden ayudar a las personas a mejorar aspectos relacionados con la salud,
específicamente en los trastornos mentales, en el desarrollo personal y en el desarrollo social (Cheung, 2022;
Fernández-Aguayo, 2018).
En la literatura se han encontrado resultados a favor de la mejora en la intención comunicativa y en el
estado emocional, los cuales forman parte de intervenciones sobre el déficit de habilidades sociales, cognitivas y
conductuales (Manna, 2021). Asimismo, podemos encontrar estudios que sugieren la efectividad del teatro para
reducir el impacto de la depresión y aumentar la motivación por la vida (Mondolfi-Miguel et al., 2021).
Quinlan y Duggleby (2009) y Quinlan et al. (2020) realizan intervenciones con teatro participativo en familiares
de pacientes dependientes; mediante una serie de talleres, se centran en aspectos del lenguaje y el cuidado
rutinario. En la literatura especializada podemos encontrar varias obras, con un uso diferente del teatro aplicado,
donde autores como Brüggemman y Persson (2017), Greenwood (2015), Kerr at al. (2020), Leichner y Wieler
(2015) y Schneider (2017) desarrollan intervenciones basadas en representaciones teatrales (teatro playback,
teatro foro, teatro participativo) para que la audiencia, grupos de cuidadores formales, se identifiquen con las
situaciones presentadas.
Los estudios realizados en esta tesis doctoral buscan, principalmente, ver la efectividad de programas de
intervención basados en el teatro con distintas poblaciones.
Previo a la implementación de los programas de intervención, se ha realizado una revisión sistemática para
conocer en detalle la literatura sobre el uso de la dramaterapia y del teatro aplicado para la salud, y su efecto en
variables emocionales y comunicacionales.
Como investigación principal, se encuentra el estudio 1, en el que se ha llevado a cabo un estudio piloto
cuasiexperimental de medidas pre-post con grupo control en 39 cuidadoras informales de enfermos dependientes de la ciudad de Huelva entre los años 2018 y 2023. Se ha visto un aumento del bienestar general
en las personas participantes, al obtener una mejoría en las puntuaciones de la ansiedad general y una
disminución en las puntuaciones relacionadas con los niveles de depresión. Se piensa que dicha mejora en los
niveles de ansiedad es debida a las dinámicas de improvisación en los que se han trabajado la flexibilidad
cognitiva a la hora de resolver problemas cotidianos. La disminución en las puntuaciones en el estado de ánimo,
puede ser explicada por un posible efecto lúdico del programa de intervención y por el trabajo de
autoconocimiento de las emociones que se ha llevado a cabo en varias de las sesiones. Como segundo estudio, se decidió implementar de forma online las mismas técnicas aplicadas en el primer
estudio, generando así un estudio cuasiexperimental con medidas pre/post sin grupo control. Cabe destacar que
no existen importantes diferencias entre los resultados de la intervención presencial y la online, con lo cual se
apoya la posibilidad de la implementación de programas similares para personas que no puedan desplazarse.
Finalmente se ha desarrollado una investigación de tipo cuasi-experimental pretest-postest intrasujeto en la cual
se ha medido el estado de ánimo percibido tras la asistencia a una representación teatral relacionado con el uso
del teatro aplicado en población mayor de 55 años. Los resultados nos muestran que el bienestar mejora tras la
asistencia a un evento teatral cuya temática esté relacionada con la problemática personalizada en el tipo de
público.
Los resultados de nuestras intervenciones utilizando las técnicas teatrales como herramientas terapéuticas, han
arrojado datos a favor del uso de las mismas en las variables de ansiedad estado y ansiedad rasgo y del estado
de ánimo, principalmente. Sin embargo, tenemos que tomar con cautela nuestros resultados ya que contamos
con muestras pequeñas y, en dos de las intervenciones no pudimos disponer con grupo control.
Concluimos, por tanto, que es necesario seguir estudiando los beneficios de este tipo de técnicas en las
poblaciones estudiadas y diseñar programas que sistematicen las intervenciones de forma clara.
The etymological meaning of the word “drama” is “to do”, that is, an invitation to act, to do, to manifest and, therefore, to change and transform (Pendzik, 2006). Dramatherapy seeks to bring about substantial changes in people's lives and perceptions (Keisari et al., 2020). Currently there are multiple settings in which drama is used as therapy although it reflects the need for theoretical development supported by empirical data (Cassidy et al., 2014). Dramatherapy and theater applied to health can help people to improve health-related aspects, specifically in mental disorders, personal development and social development (Cheung, 2022; Fernández-Aguayo, 2018). In the literature, results have been found in favor of the improvement in communicative intention and emotional state, which are part of interventions on social, cognitive and behavioral skills deficits (Manna, 2021). Likewise, we can find studies suggesting the effectiveness of theater in reducing the impact of depression and increasing motivation for life (Mondolfi-Miguel et al., 2021). Quinlan and Duggleby (2009) and Quinlan et al. (2020) perform interventions with participatory theater in relatives of dependent patients; through a series of workshops, they focus on aspects of language and routine care. In the specialized literature we can find several works, with a different use of applied theater, where authors such as Brüggemman and Persson (2017), Greenwood (2015), Kerr at al. (2020), Leichner and Wieler (2015) and Schneider (2017) develop interventions based on theatrical performances (playback theater, forum theater, participatory theater) so that the audience, groups of formal caregivers, identify with the situations presented. The studies conducted in this doctoral thesis seek, mainly, to see the effectiveness of intervention programs based on theater with different populations. Prior to the implementation of the intervention programs, a systematic review has been carried out to know in detail the literature on the use of drama therapy and applied theater for health, and its effect on emotional and communicational variables. As main research, there is study 1, in which a quasi-experimental pilot study of pre-post measures with control group has been carried out in 39 informal caregivers of dependent patients in the city of Huelva between the years 2018 and 2023. An increase in general well-being has been seen in the participants, by obtaining an improvement in general anxiety scores and a decrease in scores related to depression levels. It is thought that this improvement in anxiety levels is due to the improvisation dynamics in which cognitive flexibility in solving everyday problems has been worked on. The decrease in mood scores can be explained by a possible playful effect of the intervention program and by the work on self-knowledge of emotions that has been carried out in several of the sessions. As a second study, it was decided to implement online the same techniques applied in the first study, thus generating a quasi-experimental study with pre/post measures without a control group. It should be noted that there are no significant differences between the results of the face-to-face and the online intervention, which supports the possibility of implementing similar programs for people who cannot travel. Finally, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest intrasubject research has been developed to measure the mood perceived after attending a theatrical performance related to the use of theater applied to a population over 55 years of age. The results show that well-being improves after attending a theatrical event whose theme is related to the personalized problems of the type of audience. The results of our interventions using theatrical techniques as therapeutic tools have yielded data in favor of their use in the variables of state anxiety and trait anxiety and mood, mainly. However, we have to be cautious with our results since we have small samples and, in two of the interventions, we could not have a control group.
The etymological meaning of the word “drama” is “to do”, that is, an invitation to act, to do, to manifest and, therefore, to change and transform (Pendzik, 2006). Dramatherapy seeks to bring about substantial changes in people's lives and perceptions (Keisari et al., 2020). Currently there are multiple settings in which drama is used as therapy although it reflects the need for theoretical development supported by empirical data (Cassidy et al., 2014). Dramatherapy and theater applied to health can help people to improve health-related aspects, specifically in mental disorders, personal development and social development (Cheung, 2022; Fernández-Aguayo, 2018). In the literature, results have been found in favor of the improvement in communicative intention and emotional state, which are part of interventions on social, cognitive and behavioral skills deficits (Manna, 2021). Likewise, we can find studies suggesting the effectiveness of theater in reducing the impact of depression and increasing motivation for life (Mondolfi-Miguel et al., 2021). Quinlan and Duggleby (2009) and Quinlan et al. (2020) perform interventions with participatory theater in relatives of dependent patients; through a series of workshops, they focus on aspects of language and routine care. In the specialized literature we can find several works, with a different use of applied theater, where authors such as Brüggemman and Persson (2017), Greenwood (2015), Kerr at al. (2020), Leichner and Wieler (2015) and Schneider (2017) develop interventions based on theatrical performances (playback theater, forum theater, participatory theater) so that the audience, groups of formal caregivers, identify with the situations presented. The studies conducted in this doctoral thesis seek, mainly, to see the effectiveness of intervention programs based on theater with different populations. Prior to the implementation of the intervention programs, a systematic review has been carried out to know in detail the literature on the use of drama therapy and applied theater for health, and its effect on emotional and communicational variables. As main research, there is study 1, in which a quasi-experimental pilot study of pre-post measures with control group has been carried out in 39 informal caregivers of dependent patients in the city of Huelva between the years 2018 and 2023. An increase in general well-being has been seen in the participants, by obtaining an improvement in general anxiety scores and a decrease in scores related to depression levels. It is thought that this improvement in anxiety levels is due to the improvisation dynamics in which cognitive flexibility in solving everyday problems has been worked on. The decrease in mood scores can be explained by a possible playful effect of the intervention program and by the work on self-knowledge of emotions that has been carried out in several of the sessions. As a second study, it was decided to implement online the same techniques applied in the first study, thus generating a quasi-experimental study with pre/post measures without a control group. It should be noted that there are no significant differences between the results of the face-to-face and the online intervention, which supports the possibility of implementing similar programs for people who cannot travel. Finally, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest intrasubject research has been developed to measure the mood perceived after attending a theatrical performance related to the use of theater applied to a population over 55 years of age. The results show that well-being improves after attending a theatrical event whose theme is related to the personalized problems of the type of audience. The results of our interventions using theatrical techniques as therapeutic tools have yielded data in favor of their use in the variables of state anxiety and trait anxiety and mood, mainly. However, we have to be cautious with our results since we have small samples and, in two of the interventions, we could not have a control group.














