Empoderamiento femenino en el periodo perinatal: percepciones de mujeres, matronas y gestores de cuidados de enfermería
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Abstract
Introducción: Las sociedades occidentales, y entre ellas la española, reflejan la forma
en la que entienden la reproducción en la atención sanitaria que prestan a las
mujeres durante el periodo perinatal. El proceso reproductivo, a pesar de ser natural,
es percibido a menudo como un acontecimiento casi patológico. Este hecho favorece
que algunos de los profesionales sanitarios que atienden a las mujeres gestantes,
parturientas y puérperas adquieran a veces una actitud paternalista,
bienintencionada pero protectora, que dificulta que cada mujer pueda tomar
decisiones de forma autónoma. Las enfermeras en general, y en particular las
matronas forman uno de los colectivos más relevantes en este sentido, dada su
cercanía con las mujeres. Para las matronas, la conciencia, exploración y reflexión
sobre el modo en que se cuida a las mujeres durante el periodo perinatal es esencial
para poder modificar los patrones de pensamiento básicos sobre los cuidados, que
funcionan como pilares fundamentales dentro de la atención centrada en la mujer.
Como fruto de esta reflexión sobre la actitud al cuidar, enfermeras y matronas
pretenden ayudar a alcanzar una situación de autonomía real de las mujeres,
mediante la toma de decisiones informadas, compartidas y respetadas, gracias a la
previa adquisición de competencias, resumida con la expresión “empoderamiento
femenino en el periodo perinatal”. Este modelo de cuidados basado en el respeto
hacia la mujer requiere de conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes esenciales, y
parece responder mejor a las necesidades de las mujeres embarazadas. Pero el
intento de implantarlo trae aparejadas dificultades relacionadas con el sistema
sanitario y con las actitudes hacia la autonomía de las mujeres de cada sociedad concreta. Así pues, es preciso la implicación de los gestores sanitarios en cuidados
en la promoción de un sistema de salud comprometido con los valores anteriormente
expuestos y que apueste por la calidad de las relaciones interpersonales entre la
matrona y la mujer. En este sentido, el estudio de las percepciones sea muy
interesante para conocer en profundidad las implicaciones que tiene la comprensión
que los actores clave del proceso reproductivo humano tienen acerca del
empoderamiento femenino. Será a partir de estas percepciones de mujeres,
matronas y gestores, que nosotros y otros investigadores podamos ir estableciendo
un diagnóstico adecuado sobre el empoderamiento femenino en la atención
perinatal y continuar avanzando en la tarea de dignificar la atención sanitaria
orientada hacia las mujeres y sus familias durante su proceso reproductivo.
Objetivos: Describir las percepciones que tienen mujeres, matronas, y gestores
sanitarios de cuidados sobre el empoderamiento femenino y la función que este
desarrolla en la atención perinatal; e identificar qué entiendes mujeres, matronas y
gestores sanitarios en cuidados
Metodología: Estudio fenomenológico descriptivo cualitativo desarrollado mediante
grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad online y cara a cara.
Se entrevistó a mujeres (gestantes y puérperas), matronas y gestores sanitarios en
cuidados relacionados con el periodo perinatal. Las entrevistas y grupos focales
fueron grabadas y trascritas para su análisis. Este fue realizado según el modelo de
Taylor y Bodgan (1990) en el caso de los grupos focales y según el modelo de Braun y Clarke (2006) en el caso de las entrevistas en profundidad.
Resultados: El número total de mujeres que participaron en los grupos focales fue
de 39; mientras que las matronas que participaron en las entrevistas semiestructuradas en profundidad fueron 19 y los gestores sanitarios en cuidados 8
(6 españoles y 2 brasileños). Del análisis de los datos extraídos surgieron 9 categorías
en el caso de las mujeres y 11 en el caso de matronas y gestores sanitarios en
cuidados. De ellas, 7 categorías coinciden en todos los grupos de participantes del
estudio.
Conclusiones: Mujeres, matronas y gestores sanitarios en cuidados perciben el
empoderamiento femenino en el periodo perinatal como un proceso que aporta
autonomía a las mujeres, permitiendo la toma de decisiones informadas sobre su
proceso de salud y aumentando su satisfacción en este periodo. Todos los agentes
implicados consideran este proceso como esencial y beneficioso para la salud sexual y reproductiva de las mujeres.
Introduction: Western societies, including Spain, reflect the way in which they understand women’s reproduction health care during perinatal period. Despite being natural, reproductive process is often perceived as an almost pathological event. This causes that some of the health professionals who care for pregnant, parturient and postpartum women acquire, sometimes, a paternalistic, wellintentioned but protective attitude, that makes it difficult for each woman to make decisions with autonomy. Nurses in general and midwives in particular, are one of the most relevant groups in this sense, due to their closeness to women. For midwives, awareness, exploration and reflection on the way women are care for during the perinatal period is essential to be able to modify basic thought patters about care, which function as fundamental pillars within women-centered care. As a result of this reflection on the attitude when caring, nurses and midwives aim to help achieve a situation of real autonomy for women, though taking informed, shared and respected decisions, thanks to the prior acquisition of skills, summarized with the expression “female empowerment in the perinatal period”. This model of care based on respect for women requires essential knowledge, skills and attitudes, and seems to better respond to the needs of pregnant women. But the attempt to implement it brings with difficulties related to the health system and attitudes towards the autonomy of women in each specific society. Therefore, the involvement of healthcare managers in care is necessary in the promotion of a health system committed to the quality of interpersonal relationships between the midwife and the woman. In this sense, the study of perceptions is very interesting to understand in depth the implications of the understanding that the key actors of the human reproductive process have about female empowerment. It will be from these perceptions of women, midwives and managers that we and other researchers can establish an adequate diagnosis of female empowerment in perinatal care and continue advancing in the task of dignifying health care aimed at women and their families during their reproductive process. Objectives: To describe women, midwives and nursing health care managers perceptions about female empowerment and its function during perinatal period. Methodology: Exploratory phenomenological descriptive study developed through focus groups and in-depth semi-structured interviews online and face to face. Pregnant and postpartum women, midwives and nursing health care managers related to the perinatal period were interviewed. The interviews and focus groups were recorded and transcribed for analysis, carried out following the Taylor y Bodgan (1990) model in the case of focus groups and according to the Braun and Clarke model (2006) in the case of in-depth interviews. Results: The total number of women who participated in the focus groups was 39; while there were 19 midwives and 8 health care managers who participated in the indepth semi-structured interviews. In the case of women, 9 categories emerged from the analysis of the extracted data and 11 in the case of midwives and health care managers. Of them, 5 categories are similar in both groups of participants. Conclusions: Women, midwives and health care managers perceive female empowerment in the perinatal period as a process thar provides autonomy to women, allowing them to make informed decisions about their health process and increasing their satisfaction in this period. All the aforementioned agents involved in the perinatal period consider this process to be essential and point out thar, in general, the benefits outweigh the harms.
Introduction: Western societies, including Spain, reflect the way in which they understand women’s reproduction health care during perinatal period. Despite being natural, reproductive process is often perceived as an almost pathological event. This causes that some of the health professionals who care for pregnant, parturient and postpartum women acquire, sometimes, a paternalistic, wellintentioned but protective attitude, that makes it difficult for each woman to make decisions with autonomy. Nurses in general and midwives in particular, are one of the most relevant groups in this sense, due to their closeness to women. For midwives, awareness, exploration and reflection on the way women are care for during the perinatal period is essential to be able to modify basic thought patters about care, which function as fundamental pillars within women-centered care. As a result of this reflection on the attitude when caring, nurses and midwives aim to help achieve a situation of real autonomy for women, though taking informed, shared and respected decisions, thanks to the prior acquisition of skills, summarized with the expression “female empowerment in the perinatal period”. This model of care based on respect for women requires essential knowledge, skills and attitudes, and seems to better respond to the needs of pregnant women. But the attempt to implement it brings with difficulties related to the health system and attitudes towards the autonomy of women in each specific society. Therefore, the involvement of healthcare managers in care is necessary in the promotion of a health system committed to the quality of interpersonal relationships between the midwife and the woman. In this sense, the study of perceptions is very interesting to understand in depth the implications of the understanding that the key actors of the human reproductive process have about female empowerment. It will be from these perceptions of women, midwives and managers that we and other researchers can establish an adequate diagnosis of female empowerment in perinatal care and continue advancing in the task of dignifying health care aimed at women and their families during their reproductive process. Objectives: To describe women, midwives and nursing health care managers perceptions about female empowerment and its function during perinatal period. Methodology: Exploratory phenomenological descriptive study developed through focus groups and in-depth semi-structured interviews online and face to face. Pregnant and postpartum women, midwives and nursing health care managers related to the perinatal period were interviewed. The interviews and focus groups were recorded and transcribed for analysis, carried out following the Taylor y Bodgan (1990) model in the case of focus groups and according to the Braun and Clarke model (2006) in the case of in-depth interviews. Results: The total number of women who participated in the focus groups was 39; while there were 19 midwives and 8 health care managers who participated in the indepth semi-structured interviews. In the case of women, 9 categories emerged from the analysis of the extracted data and 11 in the case of midwives and health care managers. Of them, 5 categories are similar in both groups of participants. Conclusions: Women, midwives and health care managers perceive female empowerment in the perinatal period as a process thar provides autonomy to women, allowing them to make informed decisions about their health process and increasing their satisfaction in this period. All the aforementioned agents involved in the perinatal period consider this process to be essential and point out thar, in general, the benefits outweigh the harms.














