Bioplásticos a partir de proteína de guisante: procesado, caracterización y ciclo de vida
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Abstract
La Organización de las Naciones Unidas promulga los 17 Objetivos de
Desarrollo Sstenible (ODS), con el objetivo de acabar con la pobreza,
proteger el planeta y garantizar que todas las personas disfruten de la paz
y prosperidad para 2030. Entre ellos encontramos el objetivo 12 sobre
una gestión eficiente de recursos naturales que reduce la cantidad de
desechos. Para ello, en los últimos años se están utilizando residuos y
subproductos de la industria para fabricar materiales sostenibles y que
además sean eco-friendly (en un contexto de economía circular que haga
uso de residuos o subproductos como materia prima). En esta línea de
actuación propuesta se sitúan los materiales que buscan sustituir a los
plásticos convencionales obtenidos a partir del petróleo. Dichos
materiales reciben el nombre de bioplásticos porque son biodegradables,
tienen un origen natural o porque cumplen ambas cualidades. En este sentido, el objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en el desarrollo de
bioplásticos a partir de un subproducto, procedente de la industria
agroalimentaria, rico en proteína de guisante.
Para ello, la primera etapa de la tesis ha consistido en la caracterización
de la materia prima, en base a su composición química y aminoacídica,
y a sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y térmicas.
A continuación, se ha procedido a la fabricación de bioplásticos. Las
técnicas clásicas de procesado de polímeros termoplásticos (extrusión,
moldeo por compresión, etc.) han sido ampliamente utilizadas para
obtener diferentes materiales bioplásticos basados en proteínas. En este
estudio, se han fabricado bioplásticos por moldeo por inyección. Dicha
técnica consiste en un mezclado previo de la proteína y un plastificante
(glicerina), seguida de una etapa de inyección. Para ello, se han estudiado la influencia de los parámetros de procesado involucrados, evaluando
tanto la relación proteína/plastificante, el tiempo de mezclado o las
condiciones de inyección como la presión de inyección, el tiempo o la
temperatura del molde.
Siguiendo las condiciones de procesado seleccionadas anteriormente se
ha elaborado el sistema de referencia. De esta forma, se ha evaluado la
influencia de diferentes métodos de entrecruzamiento sobre las
propiedades de los bioplásticos obtenidos. Se han estudiado 3 métodos
de entrecruzamiento. En concreto, se ha utilizado un tratamiento térmico
y radiación ultravioleta (UV) como métodos físicos, genipina y aldehídos como métodos químicos y transglutaminasa como método
enzimático. Respecto a los distintos métodos de entrecruzamiento, el
entrecruzamiento físico genera nuevos enlaces por fenómenos físicos
adicionales, mientras que los entrecruzamientos químico y enzimático
generan nuevos enlaces mediante reacciones químicas provocadas por
compuestos químicos o el uso de enzimas.
Finalmente, se incluye una evaluación medioambiental de un proceso
que utiliza residuos/subproductos para comprender el proceso en el
contexto de la economía circular. Por ello, se ha llevado a cabo un
análisis preliminar de los bioplásticos obtenidos, con las diferentes
modificaciones realizadas, a través de un estudio preliminar del ciclo
de vida de su proceso de fabricación.
The United Nations enacts the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) with the aim of ending poverty, protecting the planet and ensuring that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Among them, we find Goal 12 on efficient management of natural resources, which reduces the amount of waste. To this end, in recent years, waste and by-products from the industry are being used to produce sustainable materials that are also eco-friendly (in a circular economy context that makes use of wastes or by-products as raw material). Materials that seek to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics are located in this research line. These materials are called bioplastics because they are biodegradable, have a natural origin or because they meet both qualities. In this sense, the main objective of this project was the development of bioplastics from a by-product, from the agri-food industry, rich in pea protein. Thus, the first stage of the thesis consisted of the characterization of the raw material, based on its chemical and amino acid composition, its solubility and even its thermal properties. Next, the fabrication of bioplastics was carried out. Classical thermoplastic polymer processing techniques (extrusion, compression moulding, etc.) have been widely used to obtain different protein-based bioplastic materials. In this study, bioplastics have been obtained by injection moulding. This technique consists of a previous mixing of the protein and a plasticizer (glycerol) followed by an injection stage. Therefore, the influence of the processing parameters involved has been studied, evaluating both the protein/plasticizer ratio, the mixing time or the injection conditions such as the injection pressure, the moulding time or the temperature of the mould. The reference bioplastic has been fabricated with the processing conditions selected above. In this way, the influence of different crosslinking methods on the properties of the bioplastics obtained has been analyzed. Three methods of crosslinking have been studied. Specifically, a thermal treatment and UV radiation have been used as physical methods, genipin and aldehydes as chemical methods and transglutaminase as an enzymatic method. Regarding the different methods of crosslinking, physical crosslinking generates new bonds by additional physical phenomena, while chemical and enzymatic crosslinking generate new bonds through chemical reactions caused by chemical compounds or the use of enzymes. To conclude the project, an environmental assessment of a process using waste/by-products is included to understand the process in the context of the circular economy. For this reason, a preliminary analysis of the bioplastics obtained has been carried out, with the different modifications carried out, through a preliminary study of the life cycle of its fabrication process.
The United Nations enacts the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) with the aim of ending poverty, protecting the planet and ensuring that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030. Among them, we find Goal 12 on efficient management of natural resources, which reduces the amount of waste. To this end, in recent years, waste and by-products from the industry are being used to produce sustainable materials that are also eco-friendly (in a circular economy context that makes use of wastes or by-products as raw material). Materials that seek to replace conventional petroleum-based plastics are located in this research line. These materials are called bioplastics because they are biodegradable, have a natural origin or because they meet both qualities. In this sense, the main objective of this project was the development of bioplastics from a by-product, from the agri-food industry, rich in pea protein. Thus, the first stage of the thesis consisted of the characterization of the raw material, based on its chemical and amino acid composition, its solubility and even its thermal properties. Next, the fabrication of bioplastics was carried out. Classical thermoplastic polymer processing techniques (extrusion, compression moulding, etc.) have been widely used to obtain different protein-based bioplastic materials. In this study, bioplastics have been obtained by injection moulding. This technique consists of a previous mixing of the protein and a plasticizer (glycerol) followed by an injection stage. Therefore, the influence of the processing parameters involved has been studied, evaluating both the protein/plasticizer ratio, the mixing time or the injection conditions such as the injection pressure, the moulding time or the temperature of the mould. The reference bioplastic has been fabricated with the processing conditions selected above. In this way, the influence of different crosslinking methods on the properties of the bioplastics obtained has been analyzed. Three methods of crosslinking have been studied. Specifically, a thermal treatment and UV radiation have been used as physical methods, genipin and aldehydes as chemical methods and transglutaminase as an enzymatic method. Regarding the different methods of crosslinking, physical crosslinking generates new bonds by additional physical phenomena, while chemical and enzymatic crosslinking generate new bonds through chemical reactions caused by chemical compounds or the use of enzymes. To conclude the project, an environmental assessment of a process using waste/by-products is included to understand the process in the context of the circular economy. For this reason, a preliminary analysis of the bioplastics obtained has been carried out, with the different modifications carried out, through a preliminary study of the life cycle of its fabrication process.














