La prevalencia del estrés laboral asistencial entre los profesores universitarios
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Abstract
El burnout, O estrés laboral asistencial, es un s(ndrome
psicológico caracterizado por agotamiento emocional (CE),
despersonalización (DP) e insatisfacción personal con los logros
(RP). Se conoce poco acerca de la presencia de este s(ndrome
en muestras representativas de profesores universitarios. Los
objetivos del estudio son (a) conocer la prevalencia del bumout
en un contexto universitario, (b) examinar la presencia del
bumout en relación con la edad, género y categor(a académica
en un estudio transversal mediante cuestionario anónimo
enviado por correo, y (c) explorar la relación entre el bumout y
diversas variables de calidad de vida, satisfacción laboral y salud.
Respondieron el cuestionarlo un total de 331 profesores en el
contexto de un programa de calidad de vida de la Universidad
de Alicante (España), lo que supone una tasa de respuesta del
56,2%. Se remitieron por correo a todos los profesores,
seleccionados al azar del conjunto de todos los centros, un ejemplar del cuestionario junto con las instrucciones y sobre de
devolución. El estrés laboral asistencial se midió a través del
Maslach Bumout Inventory (MBI) estableciéndose una situación
definida por altas puntuaciones en CE y DE, Y bajas en RP.
Este instrumento presenta un total de 22 ítems con siete
altemativas de respuesta, desde O (nunca experimento este
sentimiento) hasta 6 (todos los días experimento este
sentimiento). Nuestros resultados muestran que un reducido
porcentaje de profesores, el 1,8%, experimentan el s{ndrome
de burnout. Cuando se analizan por separado las tres
dimensiones que componen el bumout se observa que un 17,8%
de los profesores se siente emocionalmente exhausto en su
trabajo (puntuación e» 25), un 4,2% ha desarrollado una actitud
negativa hacia los estudiantes puntuación e» 10), Y un 42% se
siente un escasa autorrealización personal en el trabajo
(puntuación d»32). CE presenta unas correlaciones medias
moderadas con las variables de salud (r=O.42) y con calidad de
vida (r=0.33). Un patrón relacional menos consistente se da en
las restantes dimensiones del bumout. La edad, el género y la
categoría académica de los profesores no se relacionan con
los niveles de burnout. Se concluye que el burnout es un
sfndrome poco común en profesores universitarios.
Burnout is a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustation (EE), despersonalization (DP) and a sense of low personal accomplishment (PA). Little is known about bumout phenomenon in university professors. The purposes of thestudy were: (a) to provide an estimate of the prevalence of bumout within a university environment, (b) to examine the prevalence 01 bumout in relafion to the age, gender and faculty rank in a cross-sectional study using an anonymous, mailed survey, and (e) to explore bumout's re/ationship to se/f-reported quality of life, job satisfaction and heaJth variables. A total of 331 professors from a university-based quality of lite program in University of Alicante (Spain) responded to the survey, whlch corresponds to a 56.2% response rateo For the university sampl8, professors were randomly selected from a master list eomprising all facultles. CopIes of the qU8Stionna/re, together with instructions and a retum envelop, were malled to eaeh faeulty member. Bumout was measured using the Mas/aeh Bumout Inventory (MBI) and was defined as scores in the hlgh range on th8 emotional exhaustation and desp6rsonalization subscales and seores in the low range on the personal aeeomplishment subscales. The 22-item Instrument is structured on a 7-point fully anehored sea/e ranglng from O (feeling has never experienced) to 8 (feeling is exp8riBncsd daily). The university sample who met eriteria for bumout Is 1.8%. ThB respondlng unlversity professors had the following percentages on the MBI: for EE, 17.8% (a score e» 25 is consldered high); Ior DE, 4.2% (a score e» 10ls considered high); Ior PA, 42% (this subscale has an Inverse re/ationship to burnout and a score d»32 Is considered Iow). Findlngs were consistent in demonstrating a moderate correlation betw88n EE and health (r mean = 0.42) or with quality of lile (r mean = 0.33). Relationships between the other burnout dlmensions exhibited a mueh less consistent pattem. Age, gender and faeulty rank were not assoclated with burnout. As eonelusion, burnout was uneommon among university professors.
Burnout is a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustation (EE), despersonalization (DP) and a sense of low personal accomplishment (PA). Little is known about bumout phenomenon in university professors. The purposes of thestudy were: (a) to provide an estimate of the prevalence of bumout within a university environment, (b) to examine the prevalence 01 bumout in relafion to the age, gender and faculty rank in a cross-sectional study using an anonymous, mailed survey, and (e) to explore bumout's re/ationship to se/f-reported quality of life, job satisfaction and heaJth variables. A total of 331 professors from a university-based quality of lite program in University of Alicante (Spain) responded to the survey, whlch corresponds to a 56.2% response rateo For the university sampl8, professors were randomly selected from a master list eomprising all facultles. CopIes of the qU8Stionna/re, together with instructions and a retum envelop, were malled to eaeh faeulty member. Bumout was measured using the Mas/aeh Bumout Inventory (MBI) and was defined as scores in the hlgh range on th8 emotional exhaustation and desp6rsonalization subscales and seores in the low range on the personal aeeomplishment subscales. The 22-item Instrument is structured on a 7-point fully anehored sea/e ranglng from O (feeling has never experienced) to 8 (feeling is exp8riBncsd daily). The university sample who met eriteria for bumout Is 1.8%. ThB respondlng unlversity professors had the following percentages on the MBI: for EE, 17.8% (a score e» 25 is consldered high); Ior DE, 4.2% (a score e» 10ls considered high); Ior PA, 42% (this subscale has an Inverse re/ationship to burnout and a score d»32 Is considered Iow). Findlngs were consistent in demonstrating a moderate correlation betw88n EE and health (r mean = 0.42) or with quality of lile (r mean = 0.33). Relationships between the other burnout dlmensions exhibited a mueh less consistent pattem. Age, gender and faeulty rank were not assoclated with burnout. As eonelusion, burnout was uneommon among university professors.







