Tribological investigation of the structural degradation of lubricating greases from an energy point of view
Loading...
Publication date
Authors
Research group
Center
Abstract
El estudio de las grasas lubricantes abarca diversos aspectos importantes para comprender su comportamiento y
rendimiento. Las grasas lubricantes, entendida como un lubricante con comportamiento viscoelástico, están sujetas
a una degradación estructural inducida por la acción de la cizalla durante el proceso de fricción. En esta tesis
dicha degradación estructural de la grasa se ha denominado "grease wear" y el trabajo de investigación
desarrollado se centra en los mecanismos poco conocidos que subyacen a este fenómeno. El objetivo de este
trabajo de investigación es lograr una diferenciación cuantificable de dicha degradación estructural con el fin de
investigar, modelar y describir analíticamente estos mecanismos. Se ha investigado un conjunto de grasas modelos,
con formulaciones amigables con el medioambiente o tradicionales (grasas de litio, calcio y poliurea) con diferentes
aceites base y viscosidades.
Un elemento esencial de esta investigación, desde el punto de vista de la Tribología, es el estudio energético del
proceso de fricción, que es particularmente relevante cuando se lubrica con grasas lubricantes. Así, parte de este
trabajo trata de la energía disipada durante el proceso de fricción debida a la reorganización de la estructura 3-D
del espesante en el seno de un aceite base inducida por la cizalla. En este contexto, se ha definido un parámetro
que trata de cuantificar la degradación estructural inducida por la cizalla (Rtee). Este parámetro proporcionó
información decisiva sobre el deterioro estructural de las grasas lubricantes debido a la cizalla. Tal que, cuanto
mayor era el valor de Rtee, menor fue la degradación estructural de la grasa lubricante sometida a esfuerzos
cortantes. En consecuencia, las grasas con un mayor contenido de espesante mostraron valores más bajos de Rtee,
lo que indica una mayor degradación estructural en la grasa lubricante sometida a tales esfuerzos. Desde un punto de vista reológico, dicha degradación estructural inducida por la cizalla se ha analizado mediante
ensayos en un reómetro rotacional, teniendo en cuenta la influencia del tipo y contenido de espesante, así como
la naturaleza (tipo y viscosidad) del aceite base. Se han realizado medidas con equipos de microscopía para
observar directamente las degradaciones de la estructura de las once grasas lubricantes causada por el proceso
de fricción interna. Todas las grasas se analizaron en condiciones de reposo y tras ser sometida a la acción de la
cizalla, mediante diversas técnicas de microscopía, de luz transmitida, de barrido electrónico (SEM) y de fuerza
atómica (AFM). Las imágenes obtenidas revelaron diferencias significativas en la estructura de las grasas debidas
a la energía de fricción inducida por la cizalla en comparación con las muestras en reposo. Además, se observó
que el tipo de espesante influía significativamente en la energía de fricción interna. Las grasas de litio y calcio
mostraron disipación de energía mecánica durante la cizalla menor que la grasas de poliurea o las grasas
biodegradables. Estas diferencias se debían principalmente a la distribución de aglomerados de partículas de
espesante, cuyo tamaño dependía tanto del contenido de espesante como de la viscosidad del aceite base.
En la última parte de este trabajo, se analizan los cambios de temperatura en el seno de las grasas lubricantes
estudiadas debidos al proceso de la fricción interna inducido por la cizalla. Se ha tenido especial precaución en controlar las condiciones ambientales, para que éstas no interfieran en las medidas de temperaturas. Se ha usado
hasta dos configuraciones distintas para medir in-situ la temperatura del interior de la grasa durante su
cizallamiento: una célula de medición reométrica convencional y una célula de medición de temperatura de nuevo
desarrollo (Calidus). Los cambios de temperatura observado se han relacionado con los componentes de las grasas
lubricantes estudiadas y el parámetro de degradación estructural definido en esta tesis. En particular, las grasas
formuladas con jabones de litio y calcio han mostrado perfiles de temperatura interna más acusados, con caídas
drásticas de la temperatura con el tiempo, lo que indica una importante degradación estructural inducida por la
cizalla. Por el contrario, una grasa formulada con un aceite de baja viscosidad mostraba el menor aumento de
temperatura interna, así como las menores variaciones durante su cizallamiento. Dentro del grupo de grasas
amigables con el medioambiente, la grasa B3 ha mostrado los cambios de temperatura más bajos.
En resumen, este trabajo de tesis contribuye a una comprensión global del comportamiento de fricción de las
grasas lubricantes, tanto con formulaciones biodegradables como tradicionales, abarcando aspectos como la
degradación estructural inducida por la acción de la cizalla durante el proceso de fricción, la disipación energética
debida esta degradación estructural, y los cambios de temperatura dependientes de la fricción interna. Con el
propósito de tratar de poner en valor las formulaciones de grasas lubricantes a partir de recursos sostenibles, no
tóxicos y biodegradables.
Studying lubricating greases encompasses various aspects essential for understanding their behaviour and performance. Lubricating greases, such as viscoelastic lubricants, are subject to shear-induced structural degradation, defined in this thesis as “grease wear” when subjected to mechanical stress during friction. The barely understood mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are the focus of this thesis. This research work aims to achieve a quantifiable differentiation of the grease wear behaviour of pure biogenic and non-biogenic model greases to investigate, model and analytically describe these mechanisms. Various greases were investigated, including lithium, calcium, and polyurea greases, which had different base oils and viscosities. A key element of this tribological study is the energetic consideration of the friction process, which is particularly relevant for lubricating greases. Thus, one part of this thesis deals with the expended energy during the friction process regarding the shear-induced structural rearrangement of the three-dimensional network of thickeners in the base oil. In this context, a grease wear parameter (Rtee) was developed. It provided decisive insights into the structural degradation of lubricating greases due to mechanical stress. The higher the parameter value, the lower the structural degradation of the stressed grease. Consequently, greases with a higher thickener content had lower Rtee-values, which indicates more significant structural degradation in the stressed lubricating grease. Another part analyses the mechanical structural degradation induced by shear stress in rheological tests, considering the influence of thickener type, thickener composition and base oil properties. Different optical measurements were used to quantify further the structural degradation caused by the internal friction process of lubricating greases. By analysing eleven model greases under stressed and unstressed conditions using transmitted light microscopy, SEM and AFM, images showed significant differences in the structure of the lubricating greases due to the shear-induced frictional energy compared to unstressed samples. Furthermore, it was found that the type of thickener exerted a significant influence on the internal frictional energy. Lithium and calcium greases exhibited lower mechanical energy dissipation during shearing than polyurea or isolated pure biogenic greases. The differences were due to the distribution of agglomerates based on thickener particles, the size of which depended on both the thickener content and the base oil viscosity. The last part of this thesis investigates the internal friction-dependent temperature changes in the bulk of all greases studied under controlled environmental conditions with high shear stress using two measurement setups. A conventional rheometer-measuring cell and a newly developed temperature-measuring cell (Calidus) were used. At the same time, the temperature changes were linked to the lubricating grease components and the structural degradation. In particular, greases formulated with lithium and calcium soaps show the highest internal temperature profiles and drastic temperature drops with time, indicating significant shear-induced structural degradation. In contrast, a grease with a lower base oil viscosity shows the lowest maximum internal frictiondependent temperature changes and a moderate variation during the test. Within the group of pure biogenic greases, the biogenic grease B3 shows the slightest temperature changes. In summary, this thesis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the frictional behaviour of lubricating greases, covering aspects such as grease wear behaviour, shear-induced microstructural changes, mechanical structural degradation, and internal friction-dependent temperature changes. The investigations aimed to provide insight into the frictional behaviour of different types of lubricating greases under different conditions, including comparing biogenic and non-biogenic compositions.
Studying lubricating greases encompasses various aspects essential for understanding their behaviour and performance. Lubricating greases, such as viscoelastic lubricants, are subject to shear-induced structural degradation, defined in this thesis as “grease wear” when subjected to mechanical stress during friction. The barely understood mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are the focus of this thesis. This research work aims to achieve a quantifiable differentiation of the grease wear behaviour of pure biogenic and non-biogenic model greases to investigate, model and analytically describe these mechanisms. Various greases were investigated, including lithium, calcium, and polyurea greases, which had different base oils and viscosities. A key element of this tribological study is the energetic consideration of the friction process, which is particularly relevant for lubricating greases. Thus, one part of this thesis deals with the expended energy during the friction process regarding the shear-induced structural rearrangement of the three-dimensional network of thickeners in the base oil. In this context, a grease wear parameter (Rtee) was developed. It provided decisive insights into the structural degradation of lubricating greases due to mechanical stress. The higher the parameter value, the lower the structural degradation of the stressed grease. Consequently, greases with a higher thickener content had lower Rtee-values, which indicates more significant structural degradation in the stressed lubricating grease. Another part analyses the mechanical structural degradation induced by shear stress in rheological tests, considering the influence of thickener type, thickener composition and base oil properties. Different optical measurements were used to quantify further the structural degradation caused by the internal friction process of lubricating greases. By analysing eleven model greases under stressed and unstressed conditions using transmitted light microscopy, SEM and AFM, images showed significant differences in the structure of the lubricating greases due to the shear-induced frictional energy compared to unstressed samples. Furthermore, it was found that the type of thickener exerted a significant influence on the internal frictional energy. Lithium and calcium greases exhibited lower mechanical energy dissipation during shearing than polyurea or isolated pure biogenic greases. The differences were due to the distribution of agglomerates based on thickener particles, the size of which depended on both the thickener content and the base oil viscosity. The last part of this thesis investigates the internal friction-dependent temperature changes in the bulk of all greases studied under controlled environmental conditions with high shear stress using two measurement setups. A conventional rheometer-measuring cell and a newly developed temperature-measuring cell (Calidus) were used. At the same time, the temperature changes were linked to the lubricating grease components and the structural degradation. In particular, greases formulated with lithium and calcium soaps show the highest internal temperature profiles and drastic temperature drops with time, indicating significant shear-induced structural degradation. In contrast, a grease with a lower base oil viscosity shows the lowest maximum internal frictiondependent temperature changes and a moderate variation during the test. Within the group of pure biogenic greases, the biogenic grease B3 shows the slightest temperature changes. In summary, this thesis contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the frictional behaviour of lubricating greases, covering aspects such as grease wear behaviour, shear-induced microstructural changes, mechanical structural degradation, and internal friction-dependent temperature changes. The investigations aimed to provide insight into the frictional behaviour of different types of lubricating greases under different conditions, including comparing biogenic and non-biogenic compositions.











